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Human Development
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define development | The science of human development seeks to understand how & why people change or remain the same over time. |
| Identify the three elements of development's scientific study | Science, the study fo human development to understand the ways in which people change and remain the same as they grow older; Diversity, study of all kinds of people; Connections between changes & time, transformations/consistencies. |
| Identify the five characteristics of development | Multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, plasticity |
| what does it mean to say development is multidirectional | Changes occur in different directions, not always in a straight line, spontaneous |
| Describe one way in shich family dynamics can influence vulnerability or resiliency | Butterfly effect: Small action sets off a chain of actions causing a major event |
| Explain what it means to say development is multicontextual | Humans develop in many contexts that influence development, physical context, family context, social context, etc. |
| List 2 factors of the social context that influence development | Historical:like a cohort or group of people whose age means that they travel through life together. Socioeconomical: socioeconomical status (SES) money, education, nieghborhood, etc. |
| Define and differentiate culture | the specific manifestation of social groups design for living. Developed over the years, to provide social structure for the group member's life together |
| Define and differentiate ethnicity | A collection of people who share sertain attrubutes. Almost always include ancestral heritage; natural origin. |
| Define and differentiate race | Social construction by which biological traits are used to differentiate people. |
| Discuss the multidisciplinary approach to the study of development | The study of human development requires insight and iformation from many disciplines, because each person develops simultaneusly in body, mind, and spirit. |
| Explain the importance of plasticity in human development | Capacity to change, provides hope & realism that change is possible. |
| List the basic steps of the scientific method | Formulate an equation, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw a conclusion, make findings available |
| Describe the strength and weakness of scientific observation | Strength, good way to observe and record data. Weakness, it does not indicate what cause the behavior we observe. |
| Describe one strength and weakness of experiment | Strength, no other research method can so accurately pinpoint what leads to what. Weakness, many variables can influence the information gathered. |
| Describe one strength and weakness of survey | Strength: easy, quick and direct way to gather data. Weakness: data is vulnerable to bias from the both the researcher and the respondents. |
| Describe one strength and weakness of case study | Strength: provide a wealth of detail of subject. Weakness: no confident conclusions about people in general can be drawn from a small sample size |
| Summarize some of the ethical issues invloved in conductin research with humans | Reasearchers must ensure that the participanst are not harmed, that participation is voluntary and confidential. |
| Define developmental theory | A systematic statement of principles & generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how & why people change as they grow older |
| Define grand theories | A groupd of ideas, assumptions & generalizations based on thousands of observations that have been made about human growth |
| Define emergent theories | Theories that bring together information from many disciplines but that have not yet cohered into theories that are comprehensive and systematic |
| Describe the major focus of psychoanalytical theories | Interprets human development in terms of motives & drives, one moves through STAGES confronting conflicts between biological & social drives, contends that inner drives & motives, unconsious & often irrational, originate in childhood & drive human behavio |
| Freud: Oral stage | Infancy birth-1 yr: the mouth, tongue and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations |
| Freud: Anal stage | Early childhood 1-3 yr: The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations |
| Freud: Phallic stage | Preschool years 3-6 yrs: The phallus is the most important body part. Boys are proud of their penises, girls envy their penises |
| Erikson: Trust vs mistrust | Birth- 1 yr: Learn to either trust that others will care for their basic needs or to lack confidence in the care of others |
| Erikson: Autonomy vs shame & doubt | 1-3 yrs: Learn either to be self-sufficient in many activites or to doubt their own abilities |
| Erikson: Initiative vs guilt | 3-6 yrs: Want to undertake many adultlike activites or fear the limits set by parents and feel quilty |
| Erikson: Industry vs inferiority | 6-11 yrs: Busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior and unable to do anything well |
| Erikson: Identity vs role confusion | Adolescence: try to figure out "Who am I?" they establish sexual, political and career identities or are confused about what roles to play |
| Erikson: Intimacy vs isolation | Early adulthood: Seek companionship and love with another person or become isolated from others because they fear rehection and disappointment |
| Erikson: Generativity vs stagnation | Middle adulthood: Contribute to the nest generation through meaningful work, creative activities and/or raising a family or they stagnate |
| Erikson: Integrity vs despair | Late adulthood: Try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as a meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached |
| Explain basic principles fo classical conditioning | Associations, one is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus in the same way as to condition a meaninful one |
| Identify the primary focus of cognitive theory | A grand theory of human development that focuses on the structure and development of thinking, which shapes peoples attitudes, deliefs & behaviors |
| Piaget: Sensorimotor | Birth-2yrs: Use senses and motor abilites to understand the world. Learning is active, there is no conceptual or reflective thought |
| Piaget: Preoperational | 2-6 yrs: Use symbolic thinking, including language, to understand the world. thinking is egocentric, causing children to undrestand the world from their own perspective. |
| Piaget: Concrete operational | 6-11 yrs: Understand and applu logical operations, or principles, to interpret experiences objectively and rationally |
| Piaget: Formal operational | 12 years through adulthood: Adolescents and adults think about abstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally |
| Summarize the basic concepts and techniques propsed by Vygotsky in his sociocultrural theory of development | Guided participation, a skilled person helps a novice person learn by providing not onyl onstruction, but also a direct shared involvement in the learning process. Apprenticeship in thinking. |
| Discuss the basic ideas of epigenetic theory | Emphasizes the interaction between genes & environment. The newest development. |
| Describe the eclectic perspective of contemporary developmentalists | The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the variouss theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory |
| Briefly explain what chromosomes are | Chromosomes are 30,000 or more strands of DNA |
| List how many chromosomes one person is made of, including how many come from the mother, and how many come from the father | One person is made of 46, 23 from mom and 23 from dad |
| Note the stage of life in which males begin to produce sperm and females begin to produce eggs | Males begin to produce sperm at puberty, women begin to make eggs in utero |
| Once an egg reaches the uterus, how long does an egg have until it dies before becoming fertilized | A few hours |
| The egg is encased in a thick outer shell called the _______. What condition must be met in order for it to be penetrated? | Zona, the sperm must break through the zona and the proteins must match up in the egg |
| What percentage of fertilized eggs fails to develop? | 50% |
| What two things must a blastocyst do in order to survive? | Break up with roma and locate nurishment |
| Explain gastrulation, including what the lower, middle and top layers will include. | When cells start to oranize themselves into an embryo. 1. lungs, liver, lining of digestive tract 2. Heart, muscle, bones, blood 3. Spinal cord, brain, skin, hair |
| List the chromosomal combination for males and for females | XX for girls, XY for boys |
| What is the only source of food for the growing fetus? | Maternal blood |
| At how many months can a fetus hear? | 5 months or 22 weeks of gestation |
| Describe how much the mother's bllod volume will increase by over the course of a pregnancy | 50% |
Created by:
Moli28