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AP Gov - unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| representative democracy | A govt in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote |
| constitutional democracy | A govt system in which political authority is defined, limited, and distributed by a constitution |
| constitutionalism | constitutional government |
| statism | political system where the state has substantial control over economic and social affairs |
| popular consent | The idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs |
| majority | The candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election, needed to pass new laws |
| plurality | Dispersion of power among the politically active group, there is no majority in government |
| social capital | the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively |
| ideology | A set of basic values and beliefs, A person's political ideology creates a basic structure for interpreting politics and determining positions on individual issues |
| theocracy | Government run by religious leaders, who claim divine guidance - Say that Supreme leader is God - Good because efficient and not much disagreement but bad because there is no freedom of religion or seperation between church and state |
| articles of confederation | The first governing document of the confederated states, ratified in 1781, and replaced by the present Constitution in 1789. They were vague and left much of the power to the states, major issue: didn’t give the government the power to tax the people |
| shay's rebellion | A 1787 rebellion in which ex-revolutionary war soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interests rates and taxes |
| bicameralism | A lawmaking body made up of 2 chambers or parts - ex) the legislative branch of our government |
| connecticut compromise | Aka Great Compromise. Plan to have a popularly elected house based on state population and a state selected senate, with 2 members for each state NJ wanted one vote per state, VA wanted representation based on population |
| three-fifths compromise | The population of slaves would be counted as three-fifths in total when apportioning Representatives, as well as Presidential electors and taxes |
| federalists | Those who favor a stronger national government (nationalists) Madison, Hamilton, Jay, Adams, Washington |
| anti-federalists | Those who favor a weaker national government (states righters) Patrick Henry, Jefferson |
| the federalist papers | The Federalist is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution We read No. 10 (factions) and 51 (checks and balances) |
| separation of powers | Constitutional authority is shared by 3 different branches of government (legislative, judicial, executive) - No branch should be able to have too much power because they can check each other's power |
| checks and balances | Authority shared by 3 branches of government to prevent an abuse of power from one branch - ex) judicial review, President’s power to veto |
| divided government | A type of government in which one party controls the executive branch while another party controls one or both houses of the legislative branch |
| impoundment | A traditional budgeting procedure by which the President of the United States once could prevent any agency of the Executive Branch from spending part or all of the money previously appropriated by Congress for their use |
| direct primary | An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office |
| referendum | The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
| judicial review | The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
| impeachment | Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives which leads to a removal from office |
| executive privilege | The power of the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch to resist certain subpoenas (a document ordering a person to attend court) |
| custom and usage | A usage is a repetition of acts whereas custom is the law or general rule that arises from such repetition |
| devolution revolution | The effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states |
| federalism | The power sharing relationship between the national and state/local government |
| unitary system | a sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them |
| confederation | government in which the states are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit |
| block grants | A large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent |
| categorical grants | A large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government but has stricter and specific provisions on the way it is to be spent |
| express powers | specifically named in the Constitution (aka delegated/ enumerated): including power to establish rules to allow foreign-born immigrants to become citizens of the United States, power to make rules for bankruptcies, power to punish counterfeiters |
| implied powers | powers of U.S. government which have not been explicitly granted by the Constitution but that is implied by the necessary and proper clause to be delegated for the purpose of carrying out the enumerated powers |
| necessary and proper clause | Part of Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution |
| inherent powers | Inherent powers are those powers that Congress and the president need in order to get the job done right |
| commerce clause | Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.” |
| federal mandates | orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments |
| concurrent powers | the power shared by the federal and state governments |
| full faith and credit clause | addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state." |
| extradition | Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed |
| interstate compact | agreement between two or more states |
| national supremacy | stating that all laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the United States are the “supreme law of the land.” |
| unfunded mandate | A statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, yet provides no money for fulfilling the requirements |
| preemption | The right of a federal law or regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation |
| centralists | a supporter of strong national government and weak state power |
| decentralists | People who favor state or local action rather than national action |
| revenue sharing | A law providing for the distribution of a fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the states for spending on almost any government purpose - ex) tolls |
Created by:
Lizzy82