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science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions
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Study of substances containing the element carbon
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CHAPTER 12
CHEMISTRY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions | chemistry |
| Study of substances containing the element carbon | organic chemistry |
| Study of substances without the element carbon but may contain the element hydrogen | inorganic chemistry |
| Any substance that has mass and occupies space. | matter |
| the simplest form of chemical matter; this cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity | element |
| the smallest chemical components (particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element | atoms |
| a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions | molecule |
| Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions | elemental molecule |
| compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions. | compound molecule |
| the 3 different physical forms of matter - Solid, Liquid, and Gas | states of matter |
| characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance | physical properties |
| characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance | chemical properties |
| a change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance | physical change |
| a change in the chemical composition or makeup of a substance | chemical change |
| A chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen, to produce an oxide | oxidation |
| redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen) | oxidation-reduction |
| substance that releases oxygen | oxidizing agent |
| a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound | reducing agent |
| the process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction | reduction |
| a chemical reaction in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance | reduction reaction |
| Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat. | exothermic reactions |
| rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light | combustion |
| a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions | pure substance |
| A physical combination of matter in any proportions. | physical mixture |
| a stable physical mixture of two or more substances | solution |
| A substance that is dissolved in a solution. | solute |
| the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution | solvent |
| liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions | miscible |
| liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions | immiscible |
| unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid | suspensions |
| An unstable physical mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances, plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier | emulsion |
| An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend. | emulsifier |
| A contraction of surface active agents; surfaces that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify. | surfactants |
| Having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving) | lipophilic |
| Oil droplets emulsified in water. | oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion |
| water droplets emulsified in oil | water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion |
| Alcohols that evaporate easily. | volatile alcohols |
| alkaline substance used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products | alkanolamines |
| colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen | ammonia |
| A sweet, colorless, oily substance that is used as a solvent and a moisturizer in skin and body creams | glycerin |
| special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers | silicones |
| compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile) | volatile organic compounds (VOCs) |
| potential hydrogen | pH |
| an atom or molecule that carriers an electrical charge | ion |
| the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions | ionization |
| an ion with a negative electrical charge | anion |
| ion with a positive electrical charge | cation |
| a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance | pH scale |
| a solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral) | acidic solution |
| a solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral) | alkaline solution |
| Multiples of ten | logarithm |
| acids derived from plants (mostly fruits) that are often used to exfoliate the skin | alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) |
| a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions. | thioglycolic acid |
| bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts | alkalis |
Created by:
chisolma