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ren./explor. read g
renaissance and explorers reading guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what did galileo teach for 18 years and what did he writw scientific works on? | math, mechanics and astronomy; on various subjects along the way |
| galileo was one of the first scientists to use waht to study the laws of nature | experiments |
| what were galileos controlled experiements on? | motion and acceleration |
| where did galileo supposedly drop 2 objects to test the theory that the heavier object will hit the ground first | leaning tower of pisa |
| what did galileo build his own of to observe the heavens which lead him to be the first person to discover what about the moon? | telescope; its not smooth, uniform or perfectly spherical |
| what did galileo discover that lead to the helliocentric view of the universe? | phases of venus |
| was galileo in favor of teh heliocentric model or the geocentric model | heliocentric in which the earth and planets revolve around the sun |
| when galileo published his book that supported copernicus about the univserse being heliocentric what did church officials bring him to trial for...did he deny or stick to his belief? | heresy; denied his belief |
| what did galileo do for the last few years of his life? | lived in home inder house arrest certain the sun was the center of the universe |
| what do scientists consider galileo and why? | the father of modern science bc he used controlled experiements and figured out the universe was helliocentric |
| this means physical laws of motion | mechanics |
| this means increase in the rate of motion | acceleration |
| 16th century theory that the sun was the center of the known universe | heliocentric |
| any belief not accepted by the church | heresy |
| error, contradiction, mistake | paradox |
| galileo was one of the first scientists to use experiments to study teh laws of nature. his early work with controlled experiments inspired a new level of scientific discovery culminating in the future developement of | scientific method |
| galileo experiemetned with objects in motion by rolling a ball down an inclined plane to see the effect of gravity on? | acceleration |
| what did galileo prove by dropping two different weighted objects? | that theyd both fall at the same rate (unlike what ppl believed that heavier one would fall first) |
| around 1604 when galileo built his own telescope what was he able to do wtih it? | obeserve dark spots on surface of sun that dissappear and reappear, saw that moon was not smooth or perfectly spherical, obsereved moons revolving around the planet jupiter, and realized that the phases of venus lead to a heliocentric view of the universe |
| what model was johannes kepler in favor of? | heliocentric |
| who was kepler working on mathmatical calculations for | tycho brache, a well respected astronomer |
| kepler came up with the laws of _____________ ______________ | planetary motion |
| what were kepler's 3 laws of planetary motion? | planets revolved around in eliptical orbits (oval not circle) around the sun; distance of planet from sun affects sun influence...a planet travels slightly faster when closer to the sun; larger the orbit longer to travel around sun |
| kepler tracked this for a year in 1604 in which is an exploding star that increases greatly in its brightness; he recorded his observations in his book | supernova |
| how was kepler's telescope "new and improved" | higher magnification by using 2 convex lenses instead of the models with a concave and convex combination |
| what was kepler's "epitome of copernican astronomy" about? | had 3 volumes in which were about his elliptical-based system and his 3 laws of planetary motion |
| was joannes kepler's discoveries often accepted? his contributions to what were gradually accepted? his concept of physical cause of planetary motions was debated until who confirmed it with their concept of? | no it was often ignored; astronomy; isaac newton |
| crosses, covers, journeys | traverses |
| having a shape that is curved outward lie the exterior of a sphere; having a shape that is curved inward like the interior of a sphere | convex; concave |
| epitome | essence, basis |
| in 1597, kepler wrote a book entitled the mystery of the cosmos in order to imporve calculations of the heliocentric model. what is the heliocentric model of the then-known universe? | a sun centered universe |
| in 1600, kepler left the protestant school to work on mathematical calculations for a well-respected astronomer by the name of? | tycho brahe |
| in the book entitles de stella nova published in 1604 kepler recorded his observations as he tracked? | a supernova |
| copernicus had doubts about who? | ptolemy, a roman mathematician and astronomer bc he favored geometric model vs copernicus who favored heliocentric model |
| what did nicoluas copernicus track for 25 years? what so many years? | movements of the eart, sun, moon and planets; did it without the aid of telescope bc another 2 decades b4 it was even invented |
| why did he copernicus believe the geocentric model to be invalid | bc when he tried to descirbe what he obeserved using math, the numbers didnt work out with the geocentric model |
| why did copernicus release "little commentary" to only a few friends? | was worried about the criticism and ridicule |
| copernicus' outline of the helio. model includes the rejection of?that ___ is the center of the universe?that ___ revolves around the sun?what is the apparent movement of stars due to?the annual movement of the sun?the irregular movements of the planets? | geocentric model; sun; planets; earth's rotation; earth orbiting the sun; motion of the earth |
| why did ppl redicule and misunderstand C's conclusions? | bc didn't believe anything as heavy as earth could move` |
| C's conception of the heliocentric model laid the foundation for? | modern astronomy |
| some ppl say copernicus discoveries marked the start of? | scientific revolution |
| this is defined as a person whose expertise includes many fields of knowledge who is unlimited in his potential and is accomplished in the arts and scieneces | renaissance man |
| means to be a person who a skeptic, an astronomer, a doctor, an economist, an artist, a politician, a translator, a writer, a religious prelate, a legal adivsor, a governor, a diplomat and a polyglot... give an example of this type of person | polymath; nicolaus copernicus |
| what languages did copernicus speak? | polish, german, and latin |
| means to know more than one language | polyglot |
| when did C's theory finally become widely accepted | not until over 100 yrs after his death |
| in the early 1500s, C began to have doubts about the accuracy and even validity of the theory of a geocentric universe in which who was responsible for? | ptolemy |
| the earth at the center of the universe, with the sun an planets revolving around it | geocentric model |
| the sun at the center of the universe, with the earth and planets revolving around it | heliocentric |
| why did copernicus pubilsh his model do the known universe later in his life? | he didnt think anyone would take him seriosly, poland was at war with italy, and he thought people might find his computations to be inaccurate |
| book in which copernicus stated his outline of the heliocentric model | "little commentary" |
| How was newton's telescope "new and improved"? | used mirror in combination w/lenses to reflect light and focus the telescope to higher degree of clarity |
| Where did newton get his inspiration of gravity from? | witnessing an apple fall from a tree (na it didn't actually hit his head) |
| What theory did newton come up w/ by observing an apple falling? | the mass attracts mass |
| In newton's "Philosophoe Naturalis Principia Mathematica", what theory did he write about? | Universal gravitation (forced called gravity pulls objects toward one another) |
| Newton said the closer objects are and the __________ they are, _________ their pull | big; increases |
| Newton answered this question: what holds planets in orbit around the sun? | reasoned that planets pulled toward the sun by gravity |
| What are newton's 3 laws of motion? | 1)objects remain stationery; 2)force=mass * acceleration; 3)when objects exerts a force, the 2nd exerts a force equal in size & opposite direction on 1st |
| What did Newton use to observe properties of light? | prism |
| What math did newtons come up with? | Calculus |
| What are the 4 primary contributions of newton | 1)development of reflecting telescope; 2)3 laws of motion & explanation of universal gravitation; 3)explanation of properties of light; 4)development of calculus & recalculation of Pi |
| Velocity | Speed |
| Path; Direction | Trajectory |
| Large space rock | asteroid |
| avoid; prevent | avert |
| Newton developed an improved reflecting telescope. What made it different from earlier telescopes? | it used mirrors in combination with lenses to reflect light & focus telescope |
| Newton's famous episode with a falling apple led to his discovery of? | universal gravitation |
| Two different elements govern the law of gravity. What are they? | Size and distance |
| Newton developed calculus, which is a branch of higher mathematics concerned especially with: | finding lengths, areas and volumes, and rates of change |
| In conducting experiments - taking careful notes - recording measurements and formulating theories, Newton's work was very influential in the development of? | the scientific method |
| What two things did Europe suffer from int he middle ages? | war and plague |
| Define Renaissance | means rebirth and is a revival of art and learning |
| Where did the Renaissance start before it spread to all of Europe? | Italy |
| What was the ideal breeding ground for intellectual revolution and why? | city-states b/c its often the place where ppl exchanged ideas |
| What causes wages (salaries/payments) to rise? | Bubonic plague killed 60% of the population so there were fewer laborers, survivors could demand for higher wages |
| What form of government did Florence have? | Republican |
| Who were the Medici's? | powerful banking family in Florence |
| Who was the dictator of Florence? | Lorenzo de Medici, (Cosimo de medici's grandson) who was known as Lorenzo the Magnificient |
| What were three ways that scholars from the renaissance returned to the learning style of the Greeks and Romans? | artists/scholars of Italy drew insp f/Roman ruins; Western scholars studied ancient latin manuscripts that were preserved in monasteries; Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome w/Greek manuscripts when the turks conquered Constantinople in 1453 |
| an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements | humanism |
| what are the subjects called that study things close to classical traditions? | humanities such as history, lit and philosophy |
| Describe how humanist views worldly pleasures | suggested ppl could enjoy life w/out offending God |
| What is another name for the universal man? | a man who excelled in many fields .....later called the renaissance men |
| sculptor, painter, inventor, & scientist, was a renaissance man, painted the Mona Lisa, famous religious painting: The Last Supper | Leonardo Da Vinci |
| learned from studying Leonardo & Michaelangelo's work; portrayed expressions as gentle/calm; famous fro use of perspective (shows 3D on flat surface); one of greatest achievements - filled walls of pope Julius II w/paintings; | Raphael Sanzio |
| painted famous renaissance figure such as Michaelangelo, Leonardo, himself etc as well as classical philosophers and their students | Raphel Sanzio |
| most influential humanist, many call him the father of renaissance humanism; wrote sonnets (14 line poems) | Francesco Petrarch |
| best known for Decameron, series of realistic, sometimes off color stories often told by group of worldly young ppl who waited in rural villa to avoid plague; Decameron present both tragic/comic views of life uses cutting humor to illus human condition | Giovanni Boccaccio |
| Exam imperfect conduct of human beings, exam how a ruler can gain power & keep it inspite of his enemies; conc not w/morally right, but pol effec; as hist/pol. thinker, sh | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| sugg that in order for prince to accomp great things, he must be crafty enough to not only overcome the suspicions but also things, he must gain the trust of others | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| spent most of life away from home on military campaigns; exchanged sonnets w/michaelangelo & help costiglione to publish the courtier; her poems expressed personal emotions some to her husband | Vittoria Colonna |
| When did the population begin to grow again? | by 1450 |
| What did Italian humanist examine different when they reached the North? | traditional teachings of Christianity, humanist ?? of church failure to inspire pl to live Christian life known as christian humanism |
| What is the Praise of Folly? | book that poked fun at greedy merchants, sick lovers, quarelling scholars, etc. bc framus believed love should focus on christianity rather than ceremonies or rules and any way to improve ??? is if pppl studied the bible |
| Describe the Elizabethan Age | period of renaissance in England when Queen Elizabeth ruled; she spoke French, Italian, Greek, she was well calc, also wrote poetry & music, contrib to develop of art & latin in England |
| What did Johann Gutenberg invent? | the printing press |
| Why did Christopher Columbus sail west across the Atlantic Ocean? | in search of alternate trade route to get to Asia and its riches |
| What did Columbus name the land he accidentally came upon? | San Salvador (miscalculation where he was & though he was in East Indies) |
| Define Colony | land controlled by another nation |
| Who landed on the shores of Mexico in 1519? | Ferdinand Magellan |
| What major empire did Cortes conquer in 1521? | the Aztecs |
| Who conquered the Incan Empire in 1532? | Francisco Pizarro |
| What is the difference in a Peninsulares and mestizo? | Penisulares-Spanish setters in America; Mestizo - mixed Spanish & native American |
| Describe the Encomienda work system | spanish forced native americans to work under this system by mining and farming, ranching etc, for land/??? |
| Why did Priests come to the American colonies? | in search of converts; over just 2 decades christian missionaries arose, scattering around mexico's land which became headquarters to advancing the catholic religion |
| What two crops required a lot of labor to be profitable for their owners? | sugar plantations & tobacco farms |
| What changed that made the Portuguese interested in capturing Africans rather than just taking the Gold? | w/colonization of the Americans |
| What are the four reasons that Europeans saw as advantages to using Africans in the America's? | built up immune systems bc exposed to European diseases; exp in farming & could be taught plantation; less likely to escape bc they don't know way around land; skin color made it easy to catch them if they escaped & tried to live among others. |
| Define triangular trade | transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were curried between Africa, England, Europe, West Indies, & the colonies in America |
| What three products id merchants buy in the West Indies? | sugar, coffee, tobacco |
| Name two consequences of Slave Trade | many African families never reunited; the americas have substantial amounts of Africans |
| Define the Columbian Exchange | the global transfer of foods, plants & animals during the colonization of the Americas |
| What were two of the most important things that came from the Americas back to Europe, Africa and Asia? | corn and potatoes |
| What was one negative effect of the Columbian Exchange? | Diseases brought by Europeans such as smallpox & measles, led to deaths of millions of native americans |
| Read and respond to the "primary source" on page 573 | the effects of small pox were so horrendous that one had a hard time just moving |
| Did capitalism grow the European economy or weaken it? | |
| Define capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership & the investment of resources such as money for profit |
| What does mercantilism believe a countries power depends mainly on? | theory held that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth which allowed nations to build strong names to purchase vital goods |
Created by:
pokemongo2017