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NUR 162 Test 2
Test2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is development | An orderly pattern of changes in structure, thoughts, feelings, resulting from maturation. It is dynamic. Characterized by ascents, plateaus, and declines. |
| What is genomics | The study of the structure and interactions of all the genes in the human body, including their interactions with eachother and the environment. |
| What does growth describe | An increase in body size, changes in cell structure, function, and complexity. |
| Examples of environmental factors on growth/development | Nutrition, hormones |
| Examples of psychosocial experiences with growth and development | family environment |
| Theories of development: Frued | theory of psychoanalytical development based on libido--a general pleasure-seeking instinct. |
| Theories of development: Piaget | Theory of cognitive development |
| Theories of development: Erickson | Theory of phychosocial development |
| Theories of development: Havighurst | theory based on developmental tasks: Successful acheivement leads to happiness and success in later tasks, whereas failure leads to unhappiness, societal disapproval, and difficulty in later tasks. |
| Theories of development: Gould | theory based on specific beliefs and developmental phases. Studied men and women ages 16-60 Central theme for adult years in 'transformation' |
| Theories of development: Levinson | theory based on organizing concepts of "individual life structure" |
| Theories of development: Kohlberg | theory of moral development--influenced by cultural effects on one's perceptions of justice in interpersonal relationships |
| Theories of development: Gilligan | Conception of morality from the female viewpoint |
| Theories of development: Fowler | theory of faith development |
| What is the 'unconscious mind' | contains memories, motives, fantasies, that are not all accessible to recall but directly affect behavior. |
| Id | The part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest means available. The base of a person. |
| Ego | The conscious (memory, intelligence) part of the mind that serves as a mediator between the desires of the id and the constrants of reality so that one can live within their environment. (starts around 6 months) |
| Superego | Your consience--develops from the ego during the first year of life. Represents internaliszation of rules and values so that socially acceptable behavior is practiced. |
| What characterizes the phallic stage | Increased interest in gender differences, his or her own gender. Oedipus/Electra complex |
| What characterizes the latency stage | Identifying with the same sex parent |
| What are the stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development | Sensoimotor (0-24mos) Preoperational (2-7 yrs) Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs) Formal Operational (11+) |
| Piaget's theory: sensorimotor stage | 0 to 24 mos. Basic reflexes (sucking, etc.) Enjoying random behaviors and repeating them, then relating behavior to changes in their enviornment. "progession thru a series of developmental stages." |
| Piaget's theory: Preoperational stage | 2-7 yrs. Beginning use of symbols. Increased language skills and pics, to represent the preschooler's world. 2 parts: preconceptual (2-4) and intuitive (4-7). Learning thru play |
| Piaget's theory: Concrete operational stage | 7-11 yrs. Developing logical thinking, math, cognitive thinking. Can perceive another's perspective |
| Piaget's theory: Formal operational stage | 11+. Understanding at a greater depth. |
| What was the theory that we were told we would refer to in care plans | Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
| What are the stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development | Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Initiative vs. guilt, Industry vs. inferiority, Identity vs. role confustion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativy vs. stagnation, ego integrity vs. despair |
| Erikson's theory was based on Freud, but was expanded to include what | Cultural and social influences in addition to biologic processes. It was based on 4 concepts: 1.stages of development, 2. developmental goals/tasks, 3. psychosocial crises, 4. process of coping |
| Erikson's Theory: Infancy | Trust vs. Mistrust: learning trust thru the actions of baby's caregiver |
| Erikson's Theory: Toddler | Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt: the right amount of independence leads to autonomy. Over protective/ expectations too high lead to feelings of inadequacy |
| Erikson's Theory: Preschool | Initiative vs. Guilt: likes to play, be inquisitive. Explores how and why of activities. If the child is reprimanded for learning will hesitate before attempting more challenging motor skills/language develpmnt |
| Erikson's Theory: School-aged children | Industry vs. Inferiority: focus on end result of acheivements and recognition for accomplishments. If child is not accepted by peers or cannot meet parental expectations lack of self worth may develop. |
| Erikson's Theory: Adolescence | Identity vs. Role confusion: Trying on rolls and even rebellion are considered normal. Role confusion occurs when the adolescent is unable to establish identity and a sense of direction. |
| Erikson's Theory: Yound adulthood | Intimacy vs. Isolation: To unite self-identity with the identities of friends and to make commitments to others. |
| Erikson's Theory: Middle adulthood | Generativity vs. Stagnation: Concern for the next generation as well as involvement with family, friends, community. Desire to make a contribution to the world. Task not met leads to regression to earlier stage |
| Erikson's Theory: Later Adulthood | Ego Integrity vs. Stagnation--If one believes that one's life has been a series of failures or missed directions, a sense of dispair might prevail. Reminiscence of good life events=sense of fulfillment/purpose. |
| Havighurst's theory: What tasks should be completed in adolescence | Preparing for a career. Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior. |
| Havighurst's theory: What tasks should be completed in young adulthood | Selecting a mate. Starting a family and rearing children. Managing a home. |
| Havighurst's theory: What tasks should be completed in Middle adulthood | Assisting children to become responsible adults |
| Havighurst's theory: What tasks should be done in later maturity | Adjusting to retirement and reduced income. Adjusting to death of spouse. |
| Gould's theory: ages 43-50 | Life viewed as neither simple nor controllable. Accepting boundries |
| Levinson and associates theory: 'individual life structure' is based on what 3 components | 1. the self (values, motives) 2. Social and cultural aspects of one's life (family, career, ethinic background, religion. 3. The particular roles of the individual (mom, wife, friend) |
| Levinson and associates theory: According to this theory what could cause a whole life structure to reorganize | A change in any one role/component will cause a need for the whole life structure to reorganize |
| Kohlberg's theory: What motivates the child at stage 1 to follow rules | fear of physical consequences of authorities disapproval |
| Kohlberg's theory: What does stage 4 represent | "Law and order"--behavior follows social or religious rules from a respect for authority. |
| Kohlberg's theory: What does stage 5 represent | Moral judgment is rational and internalized into one's own values or standards. |
| Fowler's theory: What happens during stage 3 | "Synthetic-Conventional faith" The person begins to question life-guiding values or religious practices in an attempt to stabilize his/her own identity |
| Fowler's theory: What happens during stage 4 | "Individuative-Reflective Faith" Searching for self identity |
| Fowler's theory: Stage 5 | "Conjunctive Faith": Other viewpoints about faith are integrated into one's understanding |
| Neonate | Birth to 28 days |
| Infant | 1 month to 1 year |
| What happens during the physiologic development of the infant | Brain grows to about half the adult size. Motor abilities develop. Heart doubles in weight. Deciduous teeth begin to erupt. Birthweight triples by 1 year. Length increases by 50% |
| Preembryonic stage | conception to third week |
| Embryonic Stage | forth to eighth week--all basic organs are established. This is the most vulnerable stage of pregnancy |
| Fetal stage | 9th week to birth--body organs and systems continue to grow |
| What are attachment and bonding | Attachment is an active, affectionate, reciprocal relationship between two people, that is based on a bond (emotional link) |
| How is social play different from cognitive play | Social play--fun, pleasure, relationships with others. Cognitive play (like putting together a puzzle) is motivated by the desire to learn. |
| What is 'failure to thrive' | A condition of inadequate growth in height and weight resulting from the infant's inability to use calories needed for growth. |
| What is SIDS | The sudden death of an infant under the age of 1 year, unexpected in light of the infant's history, in which portmortem examination fails to reveal a cause of death. Most fatal health care issue for infants. |
| During the physiologic development of the toddlet (1-3 years) how will their weight change | They will reach 4 times their birth weight |
| Preschooler age and physiologic developments | 3-6years Head is close to adult size, body is leaner and more coordinated. Motor abilities include jumping, skipping, printing numbers and letters. Avg weight 45 lbs |
| Describe the cognitive development of the preschooler. | Egocentrism increases, play is more related on real-life events. Constant questions. More elaborate langueage development. Obeying rules to avoid punishment or to receive award |
| Describe the psychosocial development of the preschooler. | Freud-phallic stage, biologic stage is genital. Erikson-initiative vs. guilt, conscience develops. Havighurst- 4 developmental tasks: sex differences+modesty, language+concepts, ready to read, right vs. wrong |
| Describe the cognitive development of the School-age child (6-12 years). | Piaget: concrete operational stage organizing facts+ problem solving (inductive reasoning). Thinks logically and develops concepts of measurement. Has an awareness of othes feelings |
| Describe the psychosocial development of the school-aged child. | Freud: Latency stage--identifying w/ same sex parent. Erikson:Industry vs. inferiority stage focus on larning usefull skills, self-edentidy emerges. |
| Enuresis, chronic illness, and ADD are health issues for what age group of children | School-age |
| What are the 3 stages of puberty | Prepubescence:2ndry sex characteristics begin to develop, reproductive organs not functioning yet. Pubescence:ova and sperm start production Postpubescence: sex characteristics reach adult maturity |
| Is suicide a major health issue for adolescents and yound adults | Yes, it is the third leading cause of death in that age group. (Injuries, substance abuse, pregnancy, nurtritional problems, STDs, and develpmental/situational stressors are also of concern) |
| What is one of the most significant nursing activities for the adolescent stage | facilitating healthy family relationships (mutual respect, open communications, and accurate information exchange among family members pave the road for a healthy transition into adulthood.) |
| Describe the psychosocial development of the adolescent/young adult | freud:genetal stage--capable of full sexual function. Erikson: identity vs. role confusion;self-concept is stabilized. Havinghurst: male/female role developed, ethical system internalized |
| What are Levinson's and Gould's stages for the adolescent | Levinson: early adult transition-making initial career choices, establishing personal relationships, selecting personal values and lifestyles. Gould:theory of transformation-young adults est separation from parents. |
| What is the focus of the cross-linkage theory of aging | A chemical reaction damaging the DNA and causing cell death |
| What is the focus of the free radical theory of aging | That free radicals are formed during cellular metabolism that have adverse effects on adjacent molecules. |
| Erikson: What are the developmental tasks of middle adulthood | Establish and guide the next generation. Reevaluate one's goals and accomplishments |
| What are the leading causes of death in middle adulthood | Occupational accidents, vehicle accidents, suicide, chronic diseases |
| What are some of the physical changes of the middle adult | Fatty tissue is redistributed. Skin is drier. Wrinkles appear. Cardiac output begins to decrease. Muscle mass decreases. Loss of Calcium from bones. Presbyopia, hearing dimishes, hormone production decreases. |
| young old | 60-74 |
| older adult | 65+ |
| middle-old | 75-84 |
| old-old | 85+ |
| What is ageism | The view that older people are different than younder people; therefore, they do not experience the same desires, needs, concerns as other age groups. |
Created by:
cspearsall