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AP_Unit 8B
Emotions, Stress, and Health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Emotions | A response of the whole organism, involving: physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience. |
| James-Lange Theory of Emotion | The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Arousal comes before emotion. |
| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion | The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously. |
| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion | The theory that to experience emotion one must be: physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. Places more emphasis on the importance of cognitive activity than other theories of emotion. |
| Spillover Effect | The tendency of one person’s emotion to affect how other people feel around them. |
| Robert Zajonc | Sometimes emotions precede cognition. The most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the amygdala (low road pathway). |
| Low-Road Pathway (Emotion) | The low-road pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to automatic emotional responses. |
| High-Road Pathway (Emotion) | The high road pathway for emotional responses extends through the cortex. |
| Fear and the Low-Road Pathway | Fear most likely precedes conscious thinking. Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the prefrontal cortex. |
| Autonomic Nervous System (Emotion) | Regulates the physiological arousal that accompanies different emotions. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System (Emotion) | Arouses the body and mobilizes energy in emotionally stressful situations. |
| Epinephrine | A hormone released by the adrenal glands. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also referred to as epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Task Performance (Emotion) | Task performance is best when physiological arousal is moderate. The level of arousal typically associated with peak performances tend to be higher on well learned tasks. |
| Anger (Emotion) | Anger and fear are both associated with accelerated heart rates. Anger is associated with more right hemisphere activity. |
| Fear (Emotion) | Anger and fear are both associated with accelerated heart rates. Fear is sometimes accompanied by hormone secretions and finger temperatures that differ from those that accompany rage. |
| Amygdala (Emotion) | Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the amygdala than those watching angry faces. |
| Thalamus (Emotion) | Observers watching angry faces show less brain activity in the thalamus than do those watching fearful faces. |
| Prefrontal Cortex (Emotion) | Disgust causes increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex. Delight causes increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex. |
| Left Frontal Lobe (Emotion) | Joy and positive emotions causes increased activity in the left frontal lobe. |
| Nucleus Accumbens | A small cluster of neurons that is highly active when people experience pleasure. |
| Polygraph | Measures the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration that accompany emotion. Used for lie detection. A problem with the polygraph is that anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity. |
| Guilty-Knowledge Test | A test used to assess a suspect’s responses to details of a crime. Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests indicates that they err about one-third of the time. |
| Facial Expressions (Emotion) | The most unambiguous clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our facial muscles. Couples who are passionately in love most frequently communicate intimacy by means of prolonged eye-gazing. |
| Gender Differences (Emotion) | Compared with men, women are better at detecting the emotions of two people having a discussion over lunch. Compared with men, women demonstrate greater empathy. |
| Culture (Emotion) | The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through facial expressions. Universal facial expressions illustrate the impact of human genetic similarities. |
| Facial Feedback Effect | Facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion; supports the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. |
| Behaviour Feedback Phenomenon | Behaviours of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion. Imitating another person’s facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate empathy. |
| Health Psychology | A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioural medicine. Integrates and applies behavioural and medical knowledge to health and disease. Contributes to the prevention and treatment of illnesses. |
| Stress | The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. Stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them. |
| Stress Reaction | Physical and emotional responses to stress. In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Stress Appraisal | An individual’s stress level is directly affected by their cognitive appraisal of the event that triggers stress. |
| Fight or Flight | On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland), the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol. Stress produces epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands into the blood stream. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | It describes the body’s response to prolonged stress. The three phases of general adaptation syndrome are: alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion. During resistance organisms cope with stress. During the exhaustion organisms experience illness. |
| Tend-And-Befriend Response | Under stress, people (especially women), often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). |
| Oxytocin | A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding. |
| Telomeres | The end caps that protect chromosomes. As we age, telomeres shorten and eventually cell division stops. |
| Stress (Causes) | Highest stress levels among young adults. The most significant category of life-event stressors involves daily hassels and everyday annoyances. The most significant source of stress for most people is too many things to do. |
| Psychophysiological Illness | Literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Illness that are not caused by an organic disorder. |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. The field examines how stress affects our resistance to disease. |
| Lymphocytes | White bloods cells that are a part of the body’s immune system. |
| B Lymphocytes | Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections. |
| T Lymphocytes | Form in the thymus and lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. |
| Macrophage | An agent of the immune system, it ingests worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria. |
| Natural Killer Cells | Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells. |
| Stress (Immune System) | Stress triggers sympathetic nervous system responses that divert energy from the immune system. Can affect the immune system either by impairing function or by causing it to attack the body’s tissues. Stress suppress the production of lymphocytes. |
| Stress (AIDS) | AIDS is caused by a viral infection spread primarily through the exchange of body fluids. Stress is most likely to speed the progression of HIV to AIDS by inhibiting the production of lymphocytes. |
| Stress (Cancer) | When experimenters implant tumour cells into rodents, those exposed to inescapable shocks were more prone to cancer. Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of T lymphocytes. |
| Coronary Heart Disease | The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by high blood pressure. |
| Pessimism (Coronary Heart Disease) | Pessimistic adult men were twice as likely as optimistic men to experience coronary heart disease. |
| Depression (Coronary Heart Disease) | The risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with symptoms of depression. Heart disease and depression may both result when chronic stress triggers persistent inflammation. |
| Type A Personality | Term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Exposure to stress is likely to inhibit the liver from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood. Type A individuals are susceptible to heart attacks. |
| Type B Personality | Term for easygoing and relaxed people. In their classic 9 year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that compared with Type A men, Type B men were less susceptible to heart attacks. |
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satecAP