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Reading Packet
unit 6 feudalism, high middle ages, church reformation, and Martin Luther
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| system in which land or services are exchanged for protection or loyalty (political) | feudalism |
| what was the political impact of feudalism | it was a decentralized system in which the king or ruler (who's supposed to have most power) doesn't have too much power bc its limited by power of local lords |
| what was the economic impact of feudalism | more land equals more power and money so economic tends to be agricultural; usually feudal economies operate on the barter system without currency, much tradeor sophisticated economic construct |
| what was the social impact of feudalism | social position determined by the quantity of land owned and that is generally determined by birth |
| what percentage of population was upper class in medieval europe? who was considered upperclass? what percentage of medieval population was lower class? who was considered lowerclass in medieval europe? | 5% included king, lords, lesser lords, and knights; 95% included merchants&artisans, peasants and serfs |
| how is land divided in feudalist system? who was put in charge of what? | king divides land and delegates administration to his friends called lords who then divide their land even more out to lesser lords; king over kingdom and lords, lords over king's divided land and lesser lords over lord's divided land |
| what was owed in the feudalist system | lords owed military service and loyalty to king; lesser lords owed loyalty and perhaps military service to lords |
| when and why did the feudalist system become complicated? | bc somtimes lesser lords go sign contracts with 2 different lords to gain land and favors in return for service but as soon as the 2 lords that lesser lord contracted to go to war it becomes a conflict that they must serve both & who'll they defend |
| who were the parties in a feudal contract? | signed only by upperclasses; lesser lord and lord |
| what was the exchange in feualism? | estate in exchange for services such as military service, days labor, or % of crops harvested |
| what does the "high middle ages" refer to? | the period neat the end of the middle ages from 1000-1300 |
| what 3 things characterized the high middle ages time period? | revival of education; decline of barbarian invasions and increase in political organization & centralization ; revival of trade |
| what helped to revive trade during the high middle ages? | result of crusades |
| alliance of trading states formed by several cities in northern europe | hanseatic league |
| what did the hanseatic league do? | these cities maintained a trade monopoly along the coast of northern europe |
| new style of church architecture in which was reminiscent of ancient rome and the church of this style had heavy domes, pillars, and vaulted arches | romanesque architecture |
| what was the problem with the romanesque architecture | as the walls got higher, or the domes got bigger the pillars and walls supporting the weight became thicker and thicker |
| what were the windows like in the romanesque architecture style and why? | openings in the walls and tended to be small, bc they cut the supportive nature of the wall |
| this was the new architectural innovation of the high middle ages time period in which was the support that existed outside the walls of the cathedral. | flying buttress |
| what was the new church architecture called that included flying buttresses? | gothic architecture |
| what did the buttress allow, architecturally in the gothic cathedral? | allowed wall to be thin and cut huge windows |
| how were the stained glass windows used in cathedrals? | typically illustrated biblical stories as a method of education bc most were illiterate these were used as education for christian faith |
| what was the basis of the feudal economy? | land based economy |
| why did the economic basis of land in feudalist structure begin to change after the crusades? | bc crusades helped foster revival of trade so econ shifted from land to commerce |
| what was the self-suffient economic unit of feudalism | the manor system |
| why did the economy shift what from the manor system? | bc middle eastern trade offered products that manor couldn't produce or provide |
| this was oneof the worst pandemics in history that hit europe. | black plague |
| when did black plague hit europe? how many fell victim? how was it spread? what allowed for the rapid spread of this disease? | mid 1300s; 25 million plus victims; by infected fleas that lived on rats; filthy conditions of european cities |
| how did the plague hasten the decline of feudalism? | since so many ppl died of this there was scarcity of laborers...serfs demanded their freedom from lords and peasants demanded greater plots of land in exchange for their labor. |
| what are 2 ways warfare changed in the 1300s in europe and how did it help the decline of feudalism? | development of the English longbow so suddenly those who specialized in bow became more important than mounted knights; intro of gunpowder from asia, which changed medieval warfare bc canons could blow holes in castle walls |
| how did kings gain power over lords | the establishment of towns as lords' power was declining |
| how did the king gain power at the expense of the church during the decline of feudalism? why were they so eager to see the church decline? | bc decline of catholic church led tot he rise of powerful national monarchies; bc churches were major land-owners of land in europe |
| what brought about the end of military aspect of feudalism | bc the lords and knights preferred to pay for military service instead of serve it themselves, kings began to develope professional standing armies |
| why did towns become independent of manors? how did this affect the feudal system? | towns developed in the wake of increased trade ; further weakened the feudal system |
| what role did church play in the middle ages | catholic church reigned supreme as only purveyor of christianity |
| why was the churches role in being the only purveyor of Christianity important during the middle ages | bc it was an era that lacked real political centralization |
| what did the church provide to europeans in the middle ages? | the one authority that all europeans could look to for direction; dispenser of sacraments, playing key role in attainment of the afterlife |
| how did church authority begin to erode in the 1050s? | eastern orthodox church declared itself independent of pope's leadership in 1054 but in western europe catholic church remained preeminent. |
| what were the 3 major blows to their power and prestige the catholic church suffered from? | the churches reputation was a result of the crusades , The Black Death, and the wester schism (the great schism) |
| why did the churches reputation from crusades hurt the power/prestige? | crusades didn't meet the demand it was fought for which was for the christian control of the holy land even after a dozen crusades and 200 yrs of conflict w/ middle east...the church encouraged these wars and as such stood to gain or lose from the outcome |
| what did people believe the black death was, who it was sent by and why? | a plague sent by god to punish heretics, unbelievers or non-christian minorities |
| what did the church promise people when the black death struck them? But what happened just 4 yrs just after being struck by this plague? | cures, treatments and an explanation; 25 million (40% of population) became the death toll...the church had failed to stop it |
| how did the western schism (great schism) hurt the power/prestige of the catholic church? | in 1309 pope clement V moved residence from rome to avignon, france and ruled from here for 70 years then in 1378 rival pope was elected in rome and ppl no longer knew who to look to as leader of christ. and were confused bc there was 2 popes |
| what attitude led to catholic church corruption by 1500? | became worldly and corrupt bc of the humanistic emphasis of the renaissance had and impact on church as well as on society at large |
| how did the catholic church take advantage of the renaissance? | artistic renaissance that took place in Italy bc paintors, sculptors hired to help beautify the vatican and other churches |
| this person designed the dome of st. peter's (the vatican), carved a number os statues and was even contracted by pope Julius II to paint ceiling of the sistine chapel. | michelangelo |
| this was the chapel at the back of the vatican | sistine chapel |
| where did the term protestant reformation come from? | from the protest of the catholic church |
| what did the early protestors want? what did the church after initially hearing these reforms? | wanted reform; they initially resisted and excommunicated protesters forcing them to form their own churched (didn't want to break away from church just wanted reforms) |
| who was martin luther king? why was he upset with the church? | catholic monk who lived in germany in the 1500s; bc german priest johann tetzel was doing sale of indulgences |
| how did martin Luther feel they were violating the importance of faith ? | he said what was purpose of faith if you could purchase it and also that he challenged that if a person could earn his salvation through good works, then what purpose did faith serve |
| what did ltuer feel led by god to do? what did he do? | to put out corruptions of the catholic church; posted his 95 theses |
| what was the 95 theses? what date was it posted? | a list of 95"issues" that luther had with church; october 31st, 1517 |
| what practice of the church was criticized by luther? what doctrine? | sale of indulgences; churches declaration that good works was an integral part of salvation |
| why did luther advocate a translation of the bible into vernacular? | bc he blieved men could achieve personal relationship with god without the assistence of the pope through prayer and reading the scriptures so he translated into vernacular which was a common language |
| what was hte diet of worms? | this instead of a way to lose weight, refers to a congress or assembley, and it met in the german city of worms |
| why was luther called before the diet? | to explain his views...he had already been excommunicated from church and now had to answer to highest political authority in europe |
| what was luther asked to do? what was his response? | to retract his views; he responded saying we can't and won't bc it would be going against his conscience which is neither right nor safe |
| this reformation was the catholic reofrmation in which they needed to figure out how to deal with protestantism | counter-reformation |
| why did church feel the need to adress the protestant threat? | too many people were converting |
| what was the council of trent? how long did it last? why did the church call it? | series of meetings in italian city of trent; 20 yrs; to adress protestant threat to church |
| what did the church evaluate at the coucil on protestant church? | doctrine and traditional practices |
| what doctrines were reaffirmed? | necesity of both faith and works for salvation; church traditon and bible EQUALLY authoratative; authority of pope reaffirmed and necessity of confession; church's interpretation of the bible was final (anyone who sought own interpretation was a hereitc |
| what practices were adressed? | indulgences; simony abolished and nepotism scrutinized to discourage church appointments; reforms on education and conduct of priets, monks, and nuns; inquisition revived to help combat heresy; index was created |
| list of books banned by the church | the index |
| this person was orginally a soilder of spain army but when serverly wounded read alot of religious texts during recovery time | ignatius loyla |
| what did ignatius loyla do? | became priest and founded monastic order known as jesuits |
| what role did jesuits play in the catholic church | spread catholicism, became missionairy and teaching wing of catholic church |
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pokemongo2017