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Nuclear Chemistry
Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What determines whether a nucleus is stable or not? | The neutron to proton ratio. |
| The ratio a nucleus should have in order to be stable is determined by the ___________ ______ __________. | Belt of stability. |
| Nuclei that have more than -- protons are unstable. | 83. |
| Why does radioactive decay occur? | To correct the ratio of neutrons to protons and stabilize the nucleus. |
| True or False: A series of decay reactions may be necessary to stabilize the nucleus. | True. |
| Elements with atomic numbers lower than 83 that have isotopes that are unstable. | Radioisotopes. |
| Radioactivity. | Spontaneous breaking down of the nucleus with the release of particles and energy. |
| What does the top number of a wave/particle represent? | Mass in amu. |
| What does the bottom number of a wave/particle represent? | Charge. |
| What is the penetrating ability of alpha radiation? | Low. |
| What is the penetrating ability of beta radiation? | Moderate. |
| What is the penetrating ability of positrons? | Moderate. |
| What is the penetrating ability of gamma radiation? | Very high. |
| Alpha radiation- wave or particle? | Particle. |
| Beta radiation- wave or particle? | Particle. |
| Positron radiation- wave or particle? | Particle. |
| Gamma radiation- wave or particle? | Wave. |
| What types of radiation would be attracted to the positive plate? | Beta. |
| What types of radiation would be attracted to the negative plate? | Alpha and positron. |
| What types of radiation would go straight through an electric field? | Neutrons and gamma. |
| Transmutation. | When the atomic nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element. |
| Result of the decay of an unstable nucleus. | Daughter nucleus. |
| Artificial transmutation. | When the nucleus of a particle is bombarded with high energy particles. |
| What do high energy particles include? | Protons, alpha particles, neutrons, or a nucleus of another element. |
| ___________ transmutations only have one reactant. | Natural. |
| ____________ transmutations always have more than one item to the left of the arrow. | Artificial. |
| Uniting light nuclei to form heavier nuclei and energy. | Fusion. |
| What elements are frequently used in fusion? | Hydrogen is converted to helium. |
| Where does most fusion take place? | The Sun. |
| Example of fusion. | Hydrogen bomb. |
| Pros of fusion. | Clean nuclear energy, no radioactive wastes. |
| Cons of fusion. | High temperatures and pressures are needed. |
| Why are high temperatures and pressures necessary for fusion? | They are needed in order to combine like nuclei, since all nuclei are positively charged. |
| Splitting heavier nuclei into lighter nuclei. | Fission. |
| Elements frequently used in fission. | Uranium and lead. |
| Example of controlled fission. | Nuclear power plant. |
| Example of uncontrolled fission. | Nuclear bomb. |
| Pros of fission. | No fossil fuels used, reduces harmful emissions, uses small amounts of fuel, produces a large amount of energy. |
| Cons of fission. | Nuclear meltdowns, contains radioactive wastes, thermal pollution. |
| Formula for mass that is converted into energy. | E=mc squared |
| Mass of reactants is ____________ than the mass of the product. | Greater. |
| What types of radioisotopes are ideal for nuclear medicine? | Ones with short half lives that are quickly eliminated from the body. |
| What are tracers used for? | To follow the path of a material in a system and concentrate a particular part of the body without reacting. |
| Detection and treatment of thyroid problems. | I-131. |
| Used for the detection of brain tumors and cancers. | Tc-99. |
| Emits a large amount of gamma rays as it decays, rays are aimed at cancerous tumors. | Co-60. |
| Gamma rays from Co-60 and Cs-137. | Anthrax Bacilli. |
| Carbon dating can be used for.... | Organic materials under 40,000 years. |
| Helps determine the age of organic materials, fossils, and artifacts. | C-14. |
| What happens when an organism dies? | It stops taking in carbon-14. |
| How is U-238 utilized in geological dating? | Comparing the amount of U-238 to the daughter nucleus of Pb- 206. |
| What is dating based on? | Half lives. |
| What is geological dating used for? | Bedrocks and other rock formations. |
| How is radiation used for food preservation? | Gamma radiation kills bacteria, industrial applications. |
| Half life. | Time required for the amount of radioactive material to decrease by one half. |
| True or False: Radioactive substances decay at a constant rate. | True. |
| What does NOT affect radioactive decay? | Temperature, pressure, and concentration of the isotope |
Created by:
emarciante10
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