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Chapter 6a
for exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What five principles govern metabolic pathways (first 3) | 1. chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic pathway. 2. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 3. Most metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms. |
| What five principles govern metabolic pathways (last 2) | 4. In eukaryotes, many metabolic pathways occur inside specific organelles. 5. Each metabolic pathway is controlled by enzymes that can be inhibited or activated. |
| What is an exergonic reaction and a endergonic reaction? What 2 coupling molecules hold these togerther? | Exergonic= energy-releasing. Endergonic=energy-requiring. Coenzmes ATP and NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
| Hydrolysis of ATP is ____ | exergonic |
| A negative delta G value means that... | the products have less free energy than the reactants |
| Delta G is _______ when a reaction is exergonic and it is ________ when a reaction is endergonic | negative. positive. |
| Energy released by exergonic reactions is | stored in bonds of ATP, and once that ATP is hydrolyzed, free energy is released to drive endergonic reactions. |
| Energy can be transferred by transfer of electrons in.. | redox reactions |
| The more _____ a molecule is, the more ______ is stored in its bonds | reduced. energy. |
| Coenzyme NAD is a key ______ ______ in redox reactions | electron carrier |
| Reduction of NAD is ______ _____. And oxidation of NAD is ____ ______ | Highly endergonic. Highly exergonic. |
| What enzyme is an important energy intermediary in cells | NADH. |
| What are dehydrogenases | Enzymes that mediate oxidation or reduction of NADH/NAD reactions |
| Energy is released in _______ reactions during the oxidation of substrates and transferred to coenzymes like NADH. Most energy-releasing reactions produce ____ | Catabolic. NADH |
| Energy for anabolic processes is supplied by ___ | ATP, since most energy-consuming reactions require ATP. |
| Where within a cell is energy stored in NADH released to form ATP? | During oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria |
| Catabolism of glucose under _______ conditions occurs in 3 linked biochemical pathways... waht are they | Aerobic. GLYCOLYSIS= energy converted to pyruvate, PYRUVATE OXIDATION= pyruvate os oxidized to acetyl CoA and CO2. CITRIC ACID CYCLE=acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2. |
| What is cellular respiration | a catabolic pathway where cells utilize to release energy from chemical bonds in organic compounds. Lots of NRG released when reduced molecules with many C-C and C_H bonds are oxidized to CO2. Oxidation occurs in series of small steps,harvesting 34% ofit |
| Cellular respiration: In the presence of ______ it is a series of linked pathways. What 4 pathways are included | GLYCOLYSIS=(in cytosol) not requiring O, ancient pathway. PYRUVATE OXIDATION=in euks across mitohondrial membranes. CITRIC ACID CYCLE= mitochondrial matrix. ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION=cristae of mitochondria. |
| Citric acid cycle and electron transport require the presence of _____ | oxygen |
| SUmmarize Cellular respiration | COmpletely oxidizes glucose to CO2, reduces oxygen to water, and 686 kcal/mol of glucose is released. |
| Explain glycolysis in a shortened way | 10 enzymes mediated reactions, takes place in the cytosol and final products are 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH. |
| 6 carbon phosphyorylated substrate after _____________ makes.. | hydrolysis. 3 carbon products. (CHECK SLIDES FOR WHOLE PROCESS) |
| What is happening in steps 6 and 7 of the process of glycolysis | Oxidation-reduction happens in step 6, it is exergonic, glyceraldehyde 3-phsophate is oxidized and energy is trapped via reduction of NAD+ to NADH. In step 7, substrate-level phosphorylation happens, exergonic, transfers phosphate to ADP forming ATP. |
| What is glycolysis in summary? Majority of energy is still stored/trapped in ________ | Input= Glucose and 2 ATP. Output= 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH. TOTAL ENERGY YIELD: 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Pyruvate. |
| What is pyruvate oxidation? What are the products of each pyruvate molecule? | Enzyme mediated reaction that occurs across mitochondrial membranes in euks, formation of Acetyl CoA occurs in matrix. ...... Products are CO2 acetate and that acetate is bound to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. |
| What is pyruvate oxidation in summary? | Inputs: 2 pyruvate. Output: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2. |
| Summary of glycolysis, bridge rxns, and krebs cycle(citric acid) | Total of 4 ATP, 2 FADH and 10 NADH: lots of energy left in the 2C Acetyl CoA |
| What is the Citric ACid Cycle | 8 enzyme mediated reactions, occurs in mitochondrial matrix in euks, operates twice for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis and starts with Acetyl CoA: the acetyl group is oxidized to 2 CO2 and oxoacetate is regenerated in the last step. |
| For every Acetyl CoA to start Citric Acid cycle the results are | 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP<--> ATP and 2 CO2 are released |
| In citric acid cycle what starts the cycle and what is produced as a result | Acetyl CoA. Oxaloacetate. |
| Summary of Citric acid cycle per glucose | Input: 2 acetyl CoA and 2 oxaloacetate. Output: 2 oxaloacetate, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. |
| What happens in the cristae of mitochondria? | NADH and FADH2 will be oxidized and electrons are transported through series of electron carriers. |
| The diffusion of protons down their electrochemical gradient will be coupled to ATP synthesis is called? The final e- acceptor is ________ and it will be reduced to ______. | Oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen. Water. |
| What does ATP synthase do | USes H+ gradient to drive synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis. |
| What is chemiosmosis | Movement of ions across a semipermeable barrier from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
| ATP synthase converts the ______ _______ of the proton gradient into _____ ______ in ATP. | potential energy. chemical energy. |
| ATP synthesis using ATP synthase in mitochondria happens during... | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| ATP synthase is a molecular motor with 2 subunits: what are they | F0 is a transmembrane domain that functions as the H+ channel. F1 has 6 subunits, as protons pass through F0, it rotates, causing part of the F1 unit to rotate. |
| ATP structure is similar in all organisms : in porkaryotes? Iin eukaryotes? | The proton gradient is set up across the cell membrane. Chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
| How is energy conversions shown | Potential energy---> Kinetic energy----->Chemical energy(ATP) |
| A proton gradient can be introduced artificially in _____ or _______ in a test tube | chloroplasts. mitochondria |
| ATP is synthesized if... | ATP synthase, ADP, and inorganic phosphate are present. |
| Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle produces... About __ molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. And about __ molecules of ATP were produced from the oxidation of NADH/FADH. | 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH. 32. 28. |
Created by:
Rulas97