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grammar terms

nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

TermDefinition
Common nouns Classify things into types or general categories. E.g: car, dog, flower, chair.
Proper nouns Refer to specific people/places and are usually written with an initial capital letter. E.g: England, Maxine, Friday,
Concrete nouns Refer to physical things like people, objects and places, things that can be observed and measured E.g: guitar, table, clothes.
Abstract nouns Refer to ideas, processes, occasions, times and qualities-they cannot be touched or seen. E.g: happiness,week, love, racism.
Collective nouns Names a complete group or set of people, animals or things. E.g: a FLOCK of sheep, a GANG of youths, a MURDER of crows.
Descriptive adjectives Factual, size, shape, colour, objective description. E.g: square, big, brown
Evaluative adjectives Depends upon personal opinion, open to disagreement, subjective. E.g: beautiful, funny,ridiculous.
Comparative adjectives All adjectives can be used in this form. E.g: wet -> wetter (comparative form)
Superlative adjectives All adjectives can be used in this form E.g: wet -> wetter (comparative form) -> wettest (superlative form)
Pre-modifying adjectives It is placed before a noun and describes it or restricts its meaning in some way. E.g: 'the loud noise' (loud is the pre modifier).
Post-modifying adjectives A word or group of words that describes a noun phrase or restricts its meaning in some way, and is placed after it. E.g: 'a house on the corner' (on the corner is the post modifier).
Main verb Carry the meaning of a sentence - without it the sentence would not make sense as we would not know what was happening/what the action of the sentence was. Also known as the lexical verb.
Auxiliary verb 'Helping' verbs which assist the lexical verb in a sentence. Always come before a lexical verb. They help us to express different meaning.
Dynamic verb Specific physical, mental or perceptual action is taking place in a sentence. E.g: kick, speak, put, see.
Stative verb Identify processes or states of being, in which no obvious action takes place. E.g: dream, think, was, is.
Primary auxiliary verb They function as either lexical or auxiliary verbs and can be used to express: time scales, questions, negatives, emphasis, attitude E.g: be, have and do.
Modal auxiliary verbs Cannot be used as lexical verbs, there are 9 modal verbs. Can, could, should, shall, would, will, may, might and must.
Verb phrase A verb with another word or words indicating tense, mood, or person.
Inversion The normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis.
Adverb of time Expresses the time or duration of an action. Can be used in the form of an adverbial phrase. E.g: soon.
Adverb of manner Expresses how an action was carried out. E.g: quietly.
Adverb of place Expresses the position, direction or distance of an event. Can be used in the form of an adverbial phrase. E.g: upstairs.
Adverb of degree (intensifier) Expresses the intensity or extent to which an action took place. E.g: extremely.
Adverb of frequency Expresses how often an action is carried out. E.g: regularly.
Sentence adverb Expresses the writers attitude or connects sentences together E.g: furthermore.
Adverbial (adverb phrase) A group of words operating adverbially, their function is to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. They are phrases which do the work of an adverb in a sentence.
Modifier A modifier is an optional element in a phrase . A modifier is used to change the meaning of another part of the sentence. Typically the modifier can be removed without affecting the grammar of the sentence.
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