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Chemistry 1&3
Review for Chapters 1 and 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemistry | The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes. |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Mass | A measurement that reflects the amount of matter. |
| Weight | A measure not only of the amount of matter but also of the effect of Earth's gravitational pull on that matter. |
| Scientific Method | A systematic approach used in scientific study. |
| Scientific Method steps | Observations-Hypothesis-Experiments-Conclusions-Revised Hypothesis-(Repeat)-Theory-Experiments-Revised Theory |
| Qualitative Data | Information that describes physical characteristics: color, odor, shape |
| Quantitative Data | Numerical information that tells how much, how little, how big, how tall, or how fast |
| Hypothesis | A tentative explanation for what has been observed |
| Experiment | A set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis |
| Independent Variable | In an experiment, the variable that you plan to change |
| Dependent Variable | In an experiment, the variable whose value depends on the independent variable |
| Control | A standard to compare to when experimenting. |
| Conclusion | A judgement based on the information obtained |
| Model | A visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanation of experimental data |
| Theory | An explanation that has been supported by many, many experiments. |
| Scientific Law | A relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments |
| Pure Research | Seeking to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge |
| Applied Research | Seeking to solve a specific problem |
| Technology | The practical use of scientific information |
| Substance (Pure) | Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition |
| Physical Property | A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition |
| Extensive Properties | A physical property that is dependent on the amount of the substance present. i.e. mass, length, volume |
| Intensive Properties | A physical property that in independent of the amount of the substance present. i.e. density, boiling point |
| Chemical Property | The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances i.e. iron-rust, copper-copper carbonate |
| States of Matter | Classification system for all matter on Earth |
| Solid | A form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume. i.e. ice, salt |
| Liquid | A form of matter that flows, and constant volume, and takes the shape of its container. i.e. water, milk |
| Gas | A form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container and fills the entire volume of its container i.e. oxygen |
| Vapor | The gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature. i.e. water vapor |
| Physical Change | Changes to a substance that don't change its composition i.e. cut, bend, change state |
| Chemical Change | The process of one or more substances changing into new substances. i.e. Rust |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | States that mass is neither created or destroyed. |
| Law of Conservation of Mass formula | Mass (reactants)= Mass (products) |
| Antoine Lavoisier | French Scientist who developed the Law of Conservation of Matter |
| Mixture | A combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties. |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | A mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain distinct. i.e. Oil & Water |
| Homogeneous Mixture | A mixture with a constant composition throughout. i.e. salt & water |
| Solutions | Another name for a homogeneous mixture. i.e. laughing gas (gas-gas), metal alloy (solid-solid), soda (gas, liquid), lemonade (solid-liquid) |
| Filtration | A technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid. |
| Distillation | A separation technique that is based on difference in the boiling points of the substances involved. |
| Crystallization | A separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance. i.e. rock candy |
| Chromatography | A separation technique based on the tendency of each substance to travel across the surface of another material. |
| Element | A pure substance that can not be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means |
| Number of Naturally Occurring Elements | 90 (notes) or 91(book) |
| Periodic Table | Organization of elements based on similar properties and masses |
| Dmitri Mendeleev | 1896 Russian chemist that designed the periodic table |
| Periods | rows in the periodic table |
| Families or Groups | Columns in the periodic table. |
| Similar Electron Structures | Why elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties |
| Why "Periodic" | Table is "periodic" because the pattern of similar properties repeats as you move from period to period |
| Compounds | A combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically and broken down chemically. They are more stable than the elements that make them. i.e. water, salt |
| Law of Definite Proportions | Regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass. |
| Percent by Mass | ratio of the mass of the element to the mass of the compound |
| Joseph Proust | 1797 The founder of the Law of Definite Proportions |
| John Dalton | 1808 The founder of the Law of Multiple Proprotions |
| Law of Multiple Proportions | When different compounds are formed by the combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in small whole number rations. i.e. CO vs CO2 |
Created by:
Lachelle
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