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SUTHERLAND TEST 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what was harold lasswell's definition of politics | who gets what when and how |
| what are the who of politics | voters, candidates, groups, parties |
| what are the what of politics | the substance of politics (media doesn't focus on) |
| what are the how of politics | the ways people participate |
| how is america's voting health | unhealthy (one of lowest voter turnouts in the world) |
| what are single group issues/ an example | groups that have a narrow interest on which their members tend to take an uncompromising stance/ abortion |
| why are voters a distorted sample of the public | many don't vote |
| how is the turnout rate of the young v. the elderly | young have a lower turnout rate |
| what aspect of politics does the media focus on | the "who" |
| when did political apathy decrease | 2008-2012 |
| what % of the population is eligible to vote and what % of those people vote | 50% are eligible and 50% of those who are eligible register and 50% of those who are registered vote |
| is the united states more or less democratic today | less |
| how do single group members vote | candidates who support their issue |
| what 5 things does robert dahl say an ideal democracy have | 1. equality in voting 2. effective participation 3. enlightened understanding 4. citizen control of the agenda 5. inclusion |
| what does equality in voting mean | no one's vote should count any more than anyone elses |
| what does effective participation mean | citizens must have equal and adequate opportunities to express their preferences |
| what does enlightened understanding mean | free press and free speech/ fake news can't distort information |
| what does citizen control of the agenda mean | citizens as a whole should decide which issues are discussed |
| what does inclusion mean | the gov't must extend/ include rights to all those subject to its laws |
| what is majority rule | policies should reflect the will of over half the voters |
| why does a democracy need to place restraints on the majority | so the majority doesn't infringe on the minority's rights |
| what is pluralism | theory of american democracy emphasizing that the policymaking process is very open to the participation of all groups with shared interests with no one group dominating |
| what is pluralism's view of competition | organized groups can compete with no 1 group dominating |
| what is pluralism's view of minorities | public interest will prevail if groups of minorities work together |
| what is the most optimistic view of democracy | pluralism |
| what is elitism | contends that an upper class elite holds the power and makes policy regardless of formal gov't organization |
| how much of the nation's wealth does the 1% hold | 1/3 |
| why do elitists think the elite control the gov't | they have the $ to fund campaigns and influence politics |
| what is hyperpluralism | theory of american democracy that contends that the differing groups are so strong that the gov't is weakened |
| what is hyperpluralism's relation to pluralism | it's pluralism gone bad because the influence of so many groups has crippled the gov't |
| what 2 political families are prime examples of elitism | clinton/ bush |
| what do hyperpluralists doubt the gov'ts ability to do | streamline policy for all the groups |
| what do hyperpluralists think happens when the gov't gives in to many interest groups | the gov't is left with nothing |
| what do hyperpluralists say that gov't policy is when it tries to accommodate all the interest groups | confusing, contradictory, and muddled |
| what has the increased complexity of issues caused | lack of citizen population since citizens need to virtually be experts on issues |
| what does limited political participation challenge | the core message of democracy |
| why do few people run for national office | a campaign usually costs a million $ |
| what are PACS | political action committees that candidates rely on for campaign costs and in return have candidates represent their issues |
| who are an example of PACS | the adlesons |
| what does diversity in beliefs often cause | interests to collide and have no one side strong enough to establish a majority and create policy |
| what is policy gridlock | condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to establish a majority so nothing gets done |
| where do gridlocks often occur | within parties |
| what is congress's approval rating right now | 14% |
| why is congress's approval rating so low | its hard to find a compromise to assuage conflicting interest groups |
| what are the 5 elements of the american creed | liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, laissez-faire, populism |
| what is egalitarianism | all people deserve equal rights to succeed |
| what is laissez faire | letting things take their own course |
| what is populism | support for ordinary people |
| how do americans feel about their treatment of minority groups | proud |
| what are laissez faire economic policies | free-market and limited gov't |
| what is polarization and what is the trend regarding it | intense commitment to a candidate, culture, or ideology that has increased |
| what is political socialization | process through which individuals in a society acquire political attitudes, views, and knowledge based on inputs from family, schools, and the media |
| who does the gov't aim social efforts at | young |
| why is family's role crucial in political socialization | their monopoly on time and emotional commitment |
| how can one predict how young people will vote | the identity of their parents |
| what are mass media considered | the new parents/ teachers |
| what is the formal aspect of political socialization | school |
| how is participation influenced by age | increased participation with age |
| why is it harder to sway older votes | party identification strengthens with age |
| who is the main influence on political socialization | family |
| who is the 2nd biggest influence on political socialization | media |
| what is the problem with the fact that the democrats get the most support from the young | the young vote less |
| what are the 3 ways that america may be experiencing a cultural crisis | 1. loss of traditional values (religion/ family) 2. unfavorable comparison with citizens of other countries in terms of key values 3. division of society into opposed groups with irreconcilable moral differences |
| what is using the court system to set policy an example of | hyperpluralism |
| how much of the GDP do the US gov'ts spend | 1/3 |
| how many americans are employed by the gov't | 24 million |
| where are most americans who are gov't workers employed | state/ local levels |
| how much $ does the national gov't spend annually | $3.5 trillion |
| what are 3 main parts of the federal gov't and their respective fractions | 1. national defense (1/6) 2. social security (1/5) 3. medicare (1/10) |
| what is GDP | sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a year in a nation |
| who says that the gov't is too vast | republicans |
| what is the GDP | $18 trillion |
| why is it ironic when citizens criticize the gov't for having too large of a scope | those same people also want the gov't to deal with large scale issues like unemployment, terrorism, illegal immigration, energy, education, and healthcare |
| what is a sample | relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey to be representative of the whole |
| what is random searching | the key technique employed by survey researchers which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample |
| what is sampling error | level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll |
| how is sampling error affected when more people are interviewed | more confident results |
| who developed public opinion polling and for what and when | george gallup for his mother-in-law's run for iowa secretary of state in 1932 |
| why is a sample used for polls | too expensive to ask everyone their opinion |
| what is the typical sample size | 1,000-1,500 |
| what is the typical sampling error of a survey | +/- 3% |
| what is random digit dialing | technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted #s |
| what is the most common form of polling | random digit dialing |
| what is the cost comparison of RDD to door to door interviewing | 1/5 |
| what are the issues with random digit dialing | people are less willing to talk on the phone, many young people only have cell phones |
| what is the rule against dialing cell phones | cell phones must be manually dialed |
| how do internet pollsters work | call/ email people and ask them to participate in a web survey for a small sum of $ |
| what is polling supporters' opinion of polls | keep policymakers in touch with the public's opinion |
| how are polls constructed to reflect the WHOLE population | use %s of people proportionate to the diversity of the entire population |
| should you pay attention to a poll with a sample error above 3% | no |
| what must pollsters balance | cutting costs and polling more people |
| what is a pro/ con of door to door polling | pro: more people and better results con: more manpower |
| what was the FIRST form of polling | door to door |
| how accurate is random digit dialing | almost as accurate as door to door |
| how accurate is polling cell phones | not accurate |
| what is the MOST accurate form of polling | internet |
| how has polling influenced minority groups | given them a voice |
| what do critics of polling say | makes politicians be more concerned with following polls than leading their own policy |
| why should political leaders track public opinion | to determine how to craft their public presentations to persuade the masses |
| how can polls weaken democracy | creating a bandwagon effect where people support something just because they see others supporting it |
| what is the most widely criticized poll | election day exit poll |
| what is an election day poll | predicts electoral winners by sending workers to voting places to ask every 10th person how they voted |
| why are election day polls so widely criticized | news networks use them to declare a presidential winner while millions on the west coast still have to vote, which often leads to those on the west coast being discouraged to vote |
| what can drastically change poll results and what's an example of this | wording; more people support "gay" people than "homosexuals" |
| what were jefferson v. hamilton's differing views on democracy | jefferson thought that citizens could make good political decisions if they could access education (UVA) while hamilton lacked confidence that people could participate in gov't |
| what leads to questions if voters make informed decisions | how little knowledge they have about candidates' political platforms |
| what is a problem with election day polls | those interviewed often lie |
| who is blamed for the fact that most americans have a lack of political knowledge | schools |
| what did a 2002 world geo survey show | americans could only identify 46% of the countries and 11% of them could not identify the US |
| what is the paradox of politics | how the american political system still survives despite the lack of public knowledge |
| when did a decline in public trust in the gov't begin | 1960s |
| what events led to a decline in public trust in the gov't | vietnam, watergate, carter years, iran hostage crisis and their portrayal in mass media |
| what was the first evidence of gov't distrust | vietnam (gov't lied about what was happening) |
| who was walter conkrite | journalist in vietnam who revealed the truth and led to a trust in media |
| who was president during the vietnam war | LBJ |
| what was watergate and who did it | nixon had plumbers break into democratic headquarters |
| what was the worst evidence of gov't distrust | watergate |
| what economic crisis also led to gov't distrust | stagnant economy with inflation |
| what has the largest impact of public distrust in the gov't been | declining support for policies that affect the less fortunate (i.e. race/ poverty targeted programs) |
| what was obama's major legislative act | affordable care act |
| what 3 things did people know about ACA | 1. provided financial help for uninsured employed 2. prohibited companies from denying coverage based on history 3. gave states option to expand medicaid for low income |
| what 3 things did people wrongly believe about ACA | 1. established gov't panels to make decisions about end of life care 2. cut medicare benefits 3. allowed illegal aliens $ help for insurance |
| what is public opinion | distribution of the population's beliefs about politics/ policy issues |
| what is demography | science of population change |
| what is the census | an actual enumeration of the population which the gov't conducts every 10 years |
| what are conventional methods of participation | widely accepted modes of influencing gov't (voting, trying to persuade others, ringing doorbells, running for office) |
| what are unconventional methods of participation | dramatic modes (protesting, civil disobedience, violence) |
| what is the trend regarding voting as a form of participation | only form that a majority participates in but also the only that shows a decline in recent years |
| what have substantial increases in participation been shown in | *giving $ to candidates *contacting public officials *running for office |
| what is a protest | a form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic/ unconventional tactics |
| what was occupy wall street | activists camped out in public places in protest of tax codes |
| what is civil disobedience | form of political participation based on a CONSCIOUS decision to break a law be unjust and suffer the consequences |
| what is the trend regarding every form of participation EXCEPT voting | shown an increase |
| what type of participation is civil rights | unconventional |
| what is the frequency of protests compared to to conventional participation | rare |
| what happened with henry david thoreau | 1840s- refused to pay taxes as protest against the mexican war and went to jail until ralph waldo emerson paid the taxes |
| what happened with mahatma gandhi | fought for india's independence |
| what was MLK's principle example of civil disobedience | "letter from a birmingham jail" |
| 3 SPECIFIC examples of civil disobedience | *henry david thoreau *mahatma gandhi *MLK |
| what were 1960s protests on college campuses about | vietnam war |
| where were students killed in vietnam war protests | kent/ jackson state |
| what form of participation are americans the least likely to engage in compared to other democracies | protests (unconventional) |
| what type of citizens GENERALLY participate more in politics | higher social economic status |
| is there a large gap between the participation of minority ethnic group vs. majority | no |
| how do politicians treat people who DON'T vote | ignore them |
| what was gandhi influenced by | HDT's book |
| what is a recent example of violence being used as political participation | st. louis |
| which 3 assassinations led to political violence | *MLK *malcolm x *kennedy |
| what is the most prolific recent example of violence being used as political participation | minneapolis janitor shot in car |
| what is selective perception | phenomenon that people's beliefs often guide what they pay the most attention to and how they interpret events |
| what are the 3 effects of campaigns | 1. reinforcement 2. activation 3. conversion |
| who can vote | everyone over 18 except noncitizens and convicted criminals |
| when was the high point of political participation and what was it | 80% in 1896 |
| why do many people decide not to vote | can't take time off of work or school |
| will your vote MATHEMATICALLY make a difference | no |
| what was anthony downs's reasoning on why people voted | believe that the policy of one party will bring benefits |
| what happened in the 2008 minnesota senate race | nole coleman originally finished 215 votes ahead but al franken won by 225 votes after recount |
| what is political efficacy | belief that one's political participation can make a difference |
| what is civic duty | belief that in order to support a democratic gov't, a citizen should vote |
| what are 3 reasons why people vote despite it not being mathematically rational | 1. political efficacy 2. civic duty 3. belief in policy differences |
| what is voter registration | system adopted by states that requires voters to register prior to voting |
| what is the motor voter act | passed in 1993 that requires states to permit people to register to vote when they apply for a driver's license |
| what was the goal of MVA | to make registration easier |
| what was the true effect of MVA | didn't impact turnout |
| what are republicans' feelings on voter registration | want citizens to have an official piece of identification to register |
| what are the cons of voter ID requirements | students, racial minorities, and poor are less likely to have a gov't sponsored photo ID and don't know how to get one |
| how do VRS differ | by state |
| what are the purposes of voter ID laws | to try and stop corrupt voting |
| who suggested that pluralist theory is less descriptive of american democracy as it used to be | robert putnam |
| what is the KEY PRINCIPLE of democracy | majority rule |
| according to the american voter, what are most americans | group benefits voters |
| can you use a passport or license as a voter ID | no |
| what does education have to do with voting | those who are highly educated vote |
| what are the reasons that those are are highly educated vote | political efficacy and ease of clearing bureaucratic hurdles |
| what minorities are underrepresented | blacks/ hispanics |
| what does gender have to do with voting | women vote more |
| what does marriage have to do with voting | married people vote more often |
| what does occupation have to do with voting | gov't workers have higher levels of participation |
| what % of 18-24 voted in 2012 v. 2010 | 41% v. 21% |
| what % of 65+ voted in 2012 v. 2010 | 72% v. 61% |
| why do older people vote more often | are settled and retired |
| when do democratics have the worst political disadvantage | off-year elections |
| what are interest groups | organizations of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try and achieve these goals |
| how are interest groups' rights protected | first amendment |
| what is the difference between political parties/ interest groups | parties fight battles through electoral process, running candidates for public office while interest groups do not run own candidates |
| what is the difference between interest group and political party policies | interest groups are more specific |
| how many interest groups are there today | 25,000 |
| what has allowed interest groups to be more organized and have more success achieving their goals | technology |
| what do interest groups focus on | 1 policy (specialists) |
| who was the 2010 census sponsored by, what did it cost, and what did it save | NASCAR driver greg biffle; $1.2 million; $8.5 million |
| how many legal v. illegal immigrants are there a year | 1 million legal; 500,000 illegal |
| what % of the us are immigrants | 11% |
| what were the 3 great waves of immigration | 1. early/ mid 1800s 2. late 1800s, early 1900s 3. 1960s |
| who came in the early/ mid 1800s | immigrants from northwestern europe (england, ireland, germany, scandinavia) |
| who came in the late 1800s/ early 1900s | south/ eastern europe (italians, jews, poles, russians) |
| who came in the 1960s | hispanics (cuba, central america, mexico) and asians (vietnam, korea, philippines) |
| what was the us immigration policy for the first century | open door |
| when and what were the first restrictions on immigrants | 1875- no criminals, prostitutes, lunatics, seriously diseased |
| what were the first geographic restrictions on immigration | chinese exclusion act of 1882 |
| what was the johnson-reid immigration act | 1924- established immigrant quotas based on national origins from 1890 census |
| what was the goal of the johnson reid immigration act | stop immigrants coming from southern/ eastern europe |
| what did the census director do | stepped down |
| what did JFK call the us | "nation of nations" |
| how many illegal immigrants are in the us right now | 11 million |
| what was the hart-celler immigration and nationality act | 1965- abolished quotas and made family integration prevailing goal for immigration |
| what is a minority majority | situation beginning in the mid twenty first century in which the non hispanic whites will represent a minority and the minority groups together will represent a majority |
| what % are non hispanic whites | 63% |
| what % are hispanics | 17% |
| what % are african americans | 13% |
| what % are asians | 6% |
| what % are native americans | 1% |
| what is the largest minority group | hispanics |
| who has immigration in the US been concentrated among | hispanics/ asians |
| what groups have the highest birth rates | minorities |
| what % of african americans lived in poverty | 27% |
| when should minority groups be a majority | 2040-2045 |
| who is creating the next immigration act | trump |
| what are the 2 causes of the minorty majority | immigration and birth rates |
| what will reapportionment cause | minority power |
| what was the last act to address immigration | simpson mazzoli in 1986 |
| what was the simpson mazzoli act | 1986- requires that employers document the citizenship of their employees (must prove they are citizens in order to work) and can post criminal charges against employers who employ undocumented immigrants |
| what does e pluribus unum mean | out of many, one |
| what do critics of diversity say | it withdraws from the collective culture |
| what is reapportionment | process of reallocating the 435 seats in the HOR every 10 years based on the census |
| what is political culture | overall set of values widely shared within a society |
| for most of american history were were the most populous states | north of mason dixon line and east of ms river (northeast) |
| where has population growth centered since WWII | west/ south (AZ, TX, FL, GA, NC) |
| where has population growth centered in recent years | sunbelt |
| what is the 4th most populous state | florida |
| what is the fasted growing age group | >65 |
| why are citizens > 65 the fastest growing age group | medical advances and fertility rate dropping |
| what is another name for the fastest growing age group | baby boomers |
| what is the main implication of population aging | social security ratio (now there are fewer workers paying money for the retirees, causing them to have to pay more money) |
| why is social security a hard issue | politically sensitive |
| when will social security's ratio be ruined | 2040 |
| what are the arguments against/ for diversity in society | for: more viewpoints against: more gets done in a less diverse society |
| what is political clout | political power/ influence |
| what state has been most affected by recent population growth | NY |
| how many house seats does louisiana have | 6 |
| what was the original purpose for social security | to take people out of the workforce so that others had jobs |
| why are immigrants attractive hires | work harder for less $ |
| what will happen if the minority groups take power | trump will lose his base |
| where is the democratic base | northeast |
| why do the democratics have a chance of winning georgia | atlanta is such a diverse city |
| what issue is happening in north carolina | republicans trying to prevent immigrants from voting |
| who was alexander tocqueville | came from france to write about democracy |
| whats the paradox in reforming social security | people who have been promised the benefits and given to others expect to get what they deserve |
| what is political ideology | coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose, which helps give meaning to political events |
| what are the 2 main political ideologies | liberal/ conservative |
| what are liberal v. conservative views on military spending | l: spend less c: spend more |
| what are liberal v. conservative views on prayer in schools | l: opposed c: for |
| what are liberal v. conservative views on affirmative action | l: for c: opposed |
| what are liberal v. conservative views on scope of gov't | l: gov't should have wide scope c: free-market solutions |
| what are liberal v. conservative views on crime | l: less prisons c: more prisons |
| what is affirmative action | makes up for past discretions by allowing minorities special treatments in official institutions |
| describe the % of each political ideology | 38% conservative, 36% moderate, 23% liberal |
| does a political ideology necessarily describe your party | no |
| what does age have to do with political ideology | younger you are, less likely you are to be a conservative |
| what is the ideology of those with more political clout | conservative |
| what is the ideology of those who are more excluded historically | liberal |
| what are women more likely to believe in | spending on social services and no high military spending |
| what is the gender gap | women are more likely to support democratic candidates |
| what belief also determines ideology | religiousity (how religious you are) |
| what is the most conservative demographic | catholics/ protestants (christian right) |
| what publication analyzed ideology and when | american voter; 1950s |
| what did 12% of americans believe in american voter | that they thought in ideologocial terms (ideologues) |
| describe ideologues | 12%, could connect their opinions and beliefs with broad policy positions (i.e. liked democrats better because they were liberal); connect pov to party; POLITICAL ELITES |
| what 3 ideologies describe most american people | *nature of the times *group benefits *no issue content |
| what did 42% of americans believe in american voter | that they thought in terms of groups they liked/ disliked (group benefits) |
| describe group benefits voters | vote for the party that supports their career, 42% of americans, less educated, (i.e. democrats support working people) |
| what did 24% of americans believe in american voter | that they voted based on their judgment of the current times (nature of the times) |
| what did 22% of americans believe in american voter | they they had no ideological/ issue content in making political evaluation (no issue content) |
| describe nature of the times voters | vote based on how good or bad the times seemed according to the party in power; 24%; 2nd least educated |
| describe no issue content voters | vote routinely/ judge based on personality; 22%; least educated |
| are minorities more or less conservative | less |
| what has the ideological movement been in recent years | moderate to liberal |
| why are the wealthy often more conservative | like the conservative tax policy |
| why are the religious often more conservative | share the same social values |
| what have catholics been | liberal in the past |
| is ideology used to select candidates | no |
| what american voter ideology are americans on the news | ideologues |
| what are laborers seen as? business men? | democrats/ republicans |
| what do nature of the times voters do if times are good | reelect |
| what has the trend been with the acceptance of homosexuals | increased acceptance from all groups |
| what is party image | voter's perception of what the republicans or democrats stand for |
| what is party identification | citizen's self proclaimed preference for one party or the other |
| what does being part of a political party involve in europe | membership card, dues, FORMAL |
| what does being part of a political party involve in the us | psychological label; much less work |
| when did democrats outnumber republicans | 1952-1980 |
| describe the democratic stronghold in 1964 | more than twice the republicans, most liberal congress |
| describe the prevalence of republicans/ democrats in 2012 | republicans trail by 9% |
| what is the most frequent response to party identification | independent (44%) |
| what does age have to do with political party identification | the younger one is, the more likely you are to be independent (52%) |
| who are most likely to ticket split | independents |
| what is ticket splitting | voting with one party for one office and another party for another office |
| how did LBJ run | on JFK's platform |
| how did the bush regime impact homosexual acceptance | went down |
| what does party image often involve | stereotypes on a party's policy |
| what are today's republicans like | old southern democrats |
| which 2 clauses involve prayer in schools | *establishment- can't establish/ promote a religion *free exercise- can't prohibit a religion |
Created by:
gracehtraina