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11th Grade Anatomy
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the three concepts which are foundational for the study of the human body… | The complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasis. |
| The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another. | Anatomy: |
| the function of the body—how the body works together | Physiology: |
| the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye such as eyes, heart, kidneys | Gross/macroscopic Anatomy |
| deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye | Microscopic Anatomy: |
| Explain the difference among regional, systemic, and surface anatomy: | regional, all structures of a body part are examined. Systemic, the body systems are studied system by system, such as blood vessels and the heart (cardiovascular system), surface anatomy the internal structures are studied in relation to the overlyin |
| the study of the cells of the body | Cytology: |
| The study of tissues | Histology: |
| The study of structure changes in the body throughout the life span. | Developmental Anatomy |
| Studies the developmental changes that happen before birth | Embryology |
| studies the structural changes caused by disease | Pathological Anatomy |
| studies of internal structures as visualized by X-ray | Radiographic Anatomy(radiology) |
| studies the structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) | Molecular Biology |
| What is the difference between palpation and auscultation? | Palpation is feeling the organs with your hands, auscultation is listening to the organ sounds with a stethoscope. |
| What body organs are referred to by the words Renal, neuro, and Cardio | Renal—kidney, neuro—nervous system, Cardio—heart and blood vessels |
| The basis of Physiology | based on physics, motion, and body structure |
| How are anatomy and physiology interrelated | they are related by structure and function. Structure determines the function. |
| what physiology deals with kidneys and urine production | Renal physiology |
| What physiology deals with the nervous system | Neurophysiology |
| What physiology deals with the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology |
| what is the concept called that says what a structure can do depends on the specific form | principle of complementarity of structure and function |
| in what ways does physiology depend on anatomy? | the operation or function of a structure is dictated (promoted or prevented) by its anatomy...example, O2 is exchanged across a thin membrane of the lungs, but not across the skin |
| If you study how muscles shorten what are you studying | physiology |
| if you study where the lungs are located, what are you studying | anatomy |
| the human body has many levels of structural organization, the simplest level of the hierarchy is the | chemical level |
| what happens at the chemical level | atoms form molecules, molecules form organelles, |
| what is the smallest living unit | cells (STOP HERE) |
| the next level in the hierarchy after chemical | tissue level |
| what are tissues | groups of similar cells that have a common function |
| what are the 4 basic groups of tissues | epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue |
| what do epithelium tissues do | covers the body surface and lines its cavities |
| what do muscles do | provide movement |
| what do connective tissues do | support and protect the body's organs |
| what do nervous tissue do | provide rapid communication by transmitting electrical impulses |
| what is an organ | a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types (but usually 4) that perform a specific function |
| what happens at the organ level | extremely complex functions become possible..such as digestion |
| what is the next level after Organ Level | Organ system Level |
| what is the organ system level | organs work together to accomplish a common purpose |
| what is the highest level in the hierarchy | organism (organismal level)..the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive |
| what level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist's field of study | the cellular level |
| what is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, cell | cell, tissue, organ, organism |
| which organ system includes bones and cartilage? which one includes nasal cavity, lungs and trachea | bones and cartilage are skeletal system, The nasal cavity, lungs, and trachea are the respiratory system |
| what does the highly organized human body need to do | maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce, and grow |
| It is very important that all cells are interdependent (depend on other cells). why are they interdependent | because humans are multicellular organisms and vital duties are parceled out (given to ) different organ systems. |
| why must an organism maintain its boundaries | so the organisms internal environment remains distinct (different from) the external environment surrounding it. |
| what does movement include | propelling ourselves such as running, swimming and using our fingers to manipulate the external environment. |
| the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is called | contractility |
| What do we call the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them | Responsiveness or irritability...ie a reflex action if you cut your hand on a piece of glass is to pull away |
| the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the body | digestion |
| this refers to all chemical reactions that occur in the body's cells | metabolism |
| the breaking down of substances into their simple building blocks is called | catabolism |
| the synthesizing (making) of more complex cellular structures from simpler structures | anabolism |
| using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP is callled | cellular respiration |
| The process of removing wastes is called | excretion |
| The original cell divides and created daughter cells is called | reproduction |
| this is an increase in size of a body part or the organism | growth |
| what is the ultimate goal of all body systems | maintaining life (STOP HERE) |
| taken in via the diet, and they contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building | nutrients |
| all nutrients need this | oxygen |
| this accounts for 60-80% of our body weight | water |
| 98.6 degrees F or 37 degrees C | normal body temperature |
| the force that air exerts on the surface of the body | atmospheric pressure |
| Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on ____________ atmospheric pressure | appropriate |
| the mere presence of these survival factors is not sufficient to sustain life, they must be present in | appropriate amounts |
| excesses or deficits (too much or too little ) can be | harmful |
| what separates living beings from nonliving objects | living organisms maintain boundaries, move, respond to environment, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes reproduce and grow |
| what is the name given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells | metabolism is the term that encompasses chemical reactions that occur in the body cells |
| Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet | In flight, the cabin must be pressurized because the atmosphere is thinner at higher altitudes and the amount of O2 entering the blood under these condtions may be insufficient to maintain life |
| the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously | homeostasis |
| maintaining homeostasis is very difficult, what organs play a role in maintaining it | all of them |
| in homeostatic control what do we call the factor or the event being regulated | a variable |
| all homeostatic control systems have at least 3 components that work together, the first is called the | receptor |
| what does the receptor do | it monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to the second component |
| what is the second component | the control center |
| what does the control center do | determines the "set point" which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained |
| input flows from the receptor to the control center along the so called | afferent pathway |
| information from the control center (output) then flows to the third component called the | Effector |
| that out put flows to the effector along the | efferent pathway. |
| how can you remember the difference between afferent pathway and efferent pathway | afferent "approaches" the control center and efferent "exits" the control center |
| what does the effector do | it provides a way for the control center's response to the stimulus |
| Most homeostatic control mechanisms are | negative feedback mechanisms |
| what to negative feedback mechanisms (NFM) do | in these systems, the output shuts off the original effect or reduces it (think furnace in a house) |
| in positive feedback mechanisms what happens | the result or response from the control center enhances the original stimulus so the response is accelerated |
| Give an example for a positive feedback mechanism (PFM) | blood clotting |
| why aren't PFMs rarely used to promote moment to moment well-being of the body | because they can race out of control |
| homeostasis is so important that most diseases can be regarded as a result of its disturbance. this is called | homeostatic imbalance |
| what kind of things can cause homeostatic imbalance | Age--as we get older our control center becomes less efficient. When the NFM gets overwhelmed the PFMs may take over |
| How do NFM help us control body temperature | NFMs allow us to adjust to temperature changes by causing the body to lose heat or make or retain heat |
| when we get dehydrated we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids, is thirst part of a NFM or PFM and why | it is a NFM which prods us to drink. it ends the thirst stimulus when the body fluid level returns to normal |
| why is the control mechanism that clots blood, what ends the cycle | PFM. It stops when the clotting of the blood plugs the hole in the blood vessel (STOP HERE) |
| why do anatomists use precise language specialized terms | to avoid confusion and misunderstanding when identifying body structures |
| the anatomical reference point is a standard standard body position. this is called | anatomical position |
| what is the anatomical position | standing erect with feet slightly apart with palms facing out and thumbs away from the body. |
| right and left refer to the person who | is being observed, not the person doing the observing |
| these allow us to explain where one body part is in relation to another | directional terms |
| There are 2 fundamental divisions of the body are the | axial and appendicular parts |
| this includes the head, neck and trunk of the body | the Axial Part--it makes up the main axis of our body |
| this consists of appendages or limbs of the body that attach to the body's axis | appendicular |
| this term designates specific areas within the major body divisions | Regional terms |
| not all bodies are 100 % the same, things may have different shape, may be missing but generally what percentage will match the textbook | 90% |
| For anatomical studies the body is is cut or "sectioned" along a flat surface called a | plane |
| the most common planes are | Sagittal, frontal and transverse |
| what does a sagittal plane do | it is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right |
| a sagittal plane the lies exactly midline is called the | median plane or midsagittal plane |
| all other sagittal planes that are offset from the midline are called | parasagittal planes (para = near) |
| These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts | Frontal Planes (also called coronal plane---coronal means crown) |
| this plane runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts | Transverse or horizontal plane |
| Transverse planes exist at every possible level from head to foot. it is also called a | cross section |
| cuts made diagonal through vertical and horizontal planes are called________________. they are not used too much because they are confusing | Oblique cuts |
| what is the anatomical position and why is it important to learn this | a person standing erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing anteriorly (front) and thumbs out. Important to know because directional terms refer to the body as if in this position |
| the axillary and acromial are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located | Axillary is the armpit (where arm attaches to body) Acromial is the tip of the shoulder |
| what type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts | a frontal (coronal) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts |
| this body cavity protects the brain and spinal cord | dorsal body cavity (think dorsal fin of a dolphin--fin on back) |
| how many subdivisions does the dorsal body cavity have | 2---cranial which encases the brain and vertebral or spinal which runs within the bony vertebral column enclosing the delicate spinal cord |
| the more anterior (front) and larger of the closed body cavities is the | ventral body cavity |
| how many subdivisions does it have | 2-- the thoracic (heart and lung area) and the abdominopelvic cavity (digestive and urinary, bladder, reproductive and rectum area) |
| the ventral body cavity houses internal organs called the | viscera |
| the superior subdivision, which is surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the heart is called the | thoracic cavity |
| the thoracic cavity is divided into into how many cavities | 2--the pleural cavities which each contain a lung and the Mediastinum cavity |
| what does the mediastinum cavity contain | it contains the pericardial cavity which encloses the heart and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea and others) |
| the thoracic cavity is separated from the more inferior ___________ by the diaphragm, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing | abdominopelvic cavity |
| there are 2 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity but they are not separated by a muscle or a membrane. what are the superior and inferior portions | the superior portion is the abdominal cavity and the inferior is the pelvic cavity |
| what does the abdominal cavity contain | stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc |
| what does the pelvic cavity contain | it lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum (STOP HERE) |
| when the body is subject to trauma such as in a car crash, why are the abdominopelvic organs most vulnerable to injury | because they are not protected by bones, just muscles |
| the walls of ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs are protected by a thin double layered membrane called the | serosa or serous membrans |
| the part of this membrane that lines the cavity walls is called the | parietal serosa (parie = wall) |
| the serous membrane folds onto itself to cover the organs in the cavity and it forms the | visceral serosa |
| in the body, the serous membranes are separated not by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called | serous fluid |
| what does the serous fluid do | allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls...important for organs that move like the heart and stomach |
| the serous membranes are named for the specific cavity and organs they are associated with. where is the parietal pericardium | pericardial cavity and it folds back at the visceral pericardium and covers the heart |
| where is the parietal pleurae | it lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs |
| where is the parietal peritneum | the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and the visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs in that cavity |
| when membranes are inflamed, their normally smooth surfaces become rough and this causes the organs to stick together. when the pleurae are inflamed, this is called | pleurisy |
| when the peritonea are inflamed, this is called | peritonitis |
| Because the Abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains several organs it is divided into smaller areas for study by passing a a transverse and median plane through the | umbilicus ( think belly button) |
| The 4 resulting quadrants are called | Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
| another division method is by using 2 transverse and 2 parasagittal planes . This causes what kind of pattern | tic tac toe |
| the centermost region dep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) | Umbilical region |
| region superior ( Cranial-toward the head) to the umbilical region | epigastric (epi=upon gastri=belly) |
| region inferior (caudal--away from head) to the umbilical region | hypogastric (hypo = below gastri= belly) |
| the regions located lateral (away from midline--to the side) to the hypogastric region | Right and Left iliac or inguinal region (iliac = superior part of the hipbone) |
| the regions lateral ( away from midline--to the side) of the umbilical region | Right and Left Lumbar region (lumbus = loin) |
| the regions that lie lateral (away from midline --to the side) of the epigastic region | Right and Left hypochondriac region (chondro = cartilage) |
| The oral and digestive cavity commonly called the mouth contains teeth and tongue and digestive organs and it continues to the | anus |
| Located within and posterior (dorsal---toward or at the back) of the nose | nasal cavity |
| these house the eyes and present them in an anterior (Ventral--toward or at the front) of the skull | orbital cavity |
| in the skull just medial (toward or at the midline--inner side) of the eardrums | midle ear cavities |
| joint cavities and they secrete (give off) a self lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across each other | synovial cavities |
| Joe goes to the hospital emergency room complaining of severe pains in his Lower Right Quadrant. what might be the problem | appendicitis |
| Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, and heart, which are or is in the dorsal body cavity | only the spinal cord is in the dorsal area |
| when you rub your cold hand together, the friction causes heat that warms your hands, why doesn't warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs | friction is reduces by the presence of serous fluid that allows the organs to glide over each other |
| The state in which body structure and function provide the individual with a complete sense of physical and emotional well being....all body parts are functioning in cooperation to maintain homeostasis | Health |
| What is Disease | the absence of complete homeostasis |
| What are the 2 categories of disease | Acute--short term (like a cold) Chronic --long term |
| what do we call a person who assesses tissues for disease identification | pathologist |
| There are 4 subdivisions of disease | Congenital, immunological, metabolic and neoplastic |
| What is Congenital | begin before birth, inherited from parents or caused by a pathogen that crossed the placenta--Down's syndrome, |
| what is Immunological | invasion by foreign substance (infection)--cold, flu, allergies) |
| what is metabolic | disrupts E balance (diabetes, edema--tissue swelling with fluid |
| Waht is Neoplastic | disruption of normal growth and reproduction (cancer) |
Created by:
Wrksmarter