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Humidity/ aerosol
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four types of hypoxia? | Hypoxic hypoxia, anemic, circulatory, histotoxic |
| Hypoxic hypoxia? | Low arterial oxygen tension(PaO2) in blood |
| Causes of hypoxic hypoxia? | Hypoventilation, high altitude, diffusion impairment, ventilation perfusion mismatch, interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary something, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary Edema |
| Anemic hypoxia? | PaO2 is normal, but the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin is in adequate |
| Causes of anemic hypoxia? | Decreased hemoglobin concentration leads to anemia or hemorrhage; abnormal hemoglobinleads to carboxyhemoglobin 250 times greater and mehmoglobin |
| Circulatory hypoxia? | Blood flow to the tissue cells is inadequate; Slow or stagnant pooling of peripheral blood flow |
| Causes of circulatory hypoxia? | Blockage, slow stagnant pooling of blood, arterial venous shunts |
| Histotoxic hypoxia? | Impaired ability of the tissue cells to metabolize oxygen |
| Causes of histotoxic hypoxia? | Cyanide poisoning |
| Define aerosol? | Hey suspension of solid, liquid, particles in a gas |
| Define humidity deficit? | A condition in which available humidity is less than potential humidity, percent relative humidity less than 100 |
| Define absolute humidity? | Actual mass or content of water in a measured volume air, usually expressed in grams per cubic meter or pounds |
| Define relative humidity? | Amount of moisture in the air compound with maximum, the air could contain at the same temperature |
| Define humidifier? | A device that adds invisible molecular water to gas |
| Define humidity? | Water vapor that exist in the form of individual molecules in the vaporous or gaseous state |
| Define saturated gas? | A solution in which the solute contains maximal of solute it can take up |
| Define BTPS? | Abbreviation for body temperature, ambient pressure, saturated with water vapor |
| Define ISB? | Point at which the inspired air reaches BTPS |
| Define Brownian diffusion? | Random movement of molecules/particles caused by the molecules being struck by other molecules particles |
| Define inertial impaction? | Medication impacts and deposits on airway walls |
| Define refractory hypoxemia? | Oxygen therapy/level of oxygen does not respond to treatment |
| List the calculations of LOX? | 1 L of LOX=860 L of gaseous oxygen 1 L of LOX=2.5 pounds 1 pound LOX=344 L of gaseous oxygen |
| List the tank factors? | H/K-3.14; G-2.41; E-0.28 |
| What is the primary function of the upper respiratory tract? | During inspiration tortuous flow through the nose insurers adequate contact between inspired air and mucosa |
| What are the hazards of breathing anhydrous dry gas? | Retain secretions, mucus plugging |
| How much water per day do our lungs contribute to saturate inspired gas? | 250 mL per day water is contributed by the lungs to saturate inspired gas |
| What are the indications of humidity therapy? | Upper airway edema, Croup, Epiglottitis, post extubation Edema, bronchial hygiene, sputum induction |
| What are the hazards associated with humidity therapy? | Wheezing and bronchospasm, swelling of inspissated secretions, infection, overhydration, airway burns, caregiver exposure |
| What are the indications for warming inspired gases? | Atelectasis, dry nonproductive cough, increased airway resistance, increased incidence of infection, take dehydrated secretions, increased work of breathing, patient complained of substernal pain in airway dryness |
| What are the indications for cool bland aerosol? | Presence of upper airway edema |
| What are the three main types of humidifiers? | Bubble, Passover, heat moisture exchanger |
| How does bubble humidifier work? | A humidifier breaks/defuses an underwater guestroom into small bubbles 15/20mg/l |
| How does Passover humidifier work? | Directs gas over a surface containing water |
| How does a heat moisture exchanger humidifier work? | Passive humidifier/artificial nose, no heat/water added to system, captures exhaled air heat and moisture |
| How long can you use a heat moisture exchanger humidifier for? | Short term up to 96 hours |
| What type of humidifier is most suitable for a nasal cannula and what liter flow is humidity required? | Bubble humidifier with the nasal cannula |
| What are the indications for aerosol therapy? | Upper airway edema, laryngotracheobronchitis, subglottic edema, post extubation edema, post operative management of upper airway, bypassed upper airway, sputum metabolization of secretions |
| What are the hazards of associated with aerosol therapy? | Wheezing, bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction when artificial airway is views, infection, overhydration, patient discomfort |
| What is the primary method of disposition of particles <3um? | Brownian movement |
| What is the primary method of disposition of particles>5um? | Inertial impaction |
| What is the ideal particle size for lower airway desposition? Alveolar desposition? | Lower airway 2 to 5 Alveoli 1 to 3 |
| Which bronchodilators are delivered via aerosol? | |
| Xanthines | |
| What are the two main types of nebulizers? | Jet/SVN; ultrasonic |
| How does a standard SVN work? | |
| Air in trained across the top of device, they lose aerosol produced within the nebulizer, exit toward patient. Aerosol generated 30 to 60% nominal dose is residual volume trapped | |
| How does an SVN with aerosol collection bag work? | Bag reservoir holds the aerosol generated during acceleration and allows a small amount of particles to remain in suspension for the next inhalation. Well larger particles 30 to 50% increase inhaled dosage |
| How does a breath enhanced SVN work? | aerosol continuously, system of one-way valves, minimize aerosol waste. Inspiratory vent allows patient to draw air through nebulizer chamber generating & containing aerosolized drug, inlet vet closes, Aerosol exits oneway valve, increase inhaled mass 50% |
| How does a breath actuated SVN work? | Generates ever so based on patient's breathing pattern, during inspiration. Eliminates wasted aerosol during exhalation & increases the delivered dose threefold or more over. Continuous and breath enhance nebulizer |
| How does a GIN nebulizer work? | Hi output with wide variety of oxygen concentration |
| How does a USN nebulizer work? | Piezoelectric crystals generate an aerosol. Crystal transducer converts electrical signal into high frequency acoustic vibrations focused on the liquid above transducer, disrupts the surface & creates oscillation waves. breaks into fine aerosol particles |
| What is the most common hazard associated with inhaled corticosteroid's? | Thrush, fungal infections |
| What medication is delivered by a Spag? | Ribavirin=virazole used to treat RSV |
| What is the brand name for Dornase Alfa? | Pulmozyme |
| What is the brand name of Cromolyn sodium? | Intal |
| What is the brand name for budesonide? | Pulmicort |
| What is the ideal body position and breathing pattern for an SVN? | Upright/Fowlers position. Read normally with occasional deep breath's at the end of inspiratory, hold for 3 to 5 seconds. Breath hold improves deposition of drug making it more effective |
| What is the ideal body position and breathing pattern for an MDI? | Hold inhaler 1 to 2 inches/2 fingers in front of mouth, read slowly through mouth and press down on inhaler once. Take deep breath, hold for 10 seconds exhale normally |
| What is the ideal body position and breathing pattern for a DPI? | Upright. Remove cap load medication if lever then slide or twist until click, turn head exhale, close lips firmly around dpi, inhale as deeply as possible, remove mouth and hold breath for 10 seconds |
| What is the purpose of the breath hold during a breathing treatment? | Improves disposition of drug making it more effective |
| What aerosol delivery devices are used with nebulizers? | Aerosol mask; face tent, T piece adapter; trach collar or mask |
| What is the purpose of priming an MDI? | Provide a precise metered dose of medication in a fine mess directly into the airways |
| What is the purpose of a spacer? | Increases the effectiveness of disposition and improves medication delivery |
| How does an MDI work? | Medication is pushed out my propellant |
| How does a DPI work? | Medication is self-propelled due to patient's inspiration breath |
| What are the advantages of using a DPI? | Small and portable, built-in dose center, propellant free, breath actuated, short preparation and administered time |
| What is the most common dosage for an MDI? | 100 to 200um |
| What are the brand names of the DPI drugs? | Serevent, brovana, foradil, spiriva |
| How do you clean and disinfect and SVN? | Disassemble nebulizer, wash in warm soapy tapwater. So cup & mouthpiece one hour in one part vinegar 5%, three parts hot water 1.25% acetic acid. Rents nebulizer with sterile water. Shake, air dry on towel. Disinfectant wipes on compressor |
| Define bronchoconstriction? | Condition in which the lumen of the airway is decreased or constricted do to bronchospasm, mucosal edema, secretions |
| What are the three types of bronchoconstriction? | Bronchospasm, mucosal edema, secretions |
| What drug types are used to treat the three types of bronchoconstriction? | Bronchodilator, corticosteroids, mucolytic's |
| What are the sympathetic receptor sites? | Alpha, beta 1, beta 2 |
| What are the effects of stimulating the alpha receptor site? | Vasoconstriction, vasopressor effect= increase blood pressure |
| What are the effects of stimulating the beta one receptor site? | Increased heart rate, increased force contractibility |
| What are the effects of stimulating the beta two receptor site? | Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle |
| What is the SVN dosage for Ventolin? | 0.5 mL of a 0.5% solution (2.5mg) 0.4-0.5 |
| What is the SVN dosage for levalbuterol? | 0.63 mg/3 mL TID 1.25 mg/3 mL TID |
| What is the brand name for acetylcysteine? | Mucomyst |
| What is the mode of action for acetylcysteine? | Reduce is viscosity of mucus by breaking disliquified bonds |
| What are the percent solutions for acetylcysteine? | 10% and 20% |
| What are corticosteroids used to treat? | Anti-inflammatory maintenance therapy of persistent asthma and severe COPD |
| What are the advantages of aerosolized corticosteroids , In contrast to systemic? | Fewer side effects than systemic use, no adrenal suppression or Cushing's syndrome, low risk dependency |
| What are the adverse affects that can occur with aerosolized steroids? | Greater expense then oral, not helpful in status asthmaticus, increased risk of infection |
| What is the mode of action for cromolyn sodium? | Prevents degranulation or break down by thickening of mast cells, prevents release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators |
| What is cromolyn sodium used to treat? | Prophylactic for asthma |
| What is the appropriate flow range for an SVN? | 5 to 10 mL per minute |
| What is the composition of pulmonary surfactant? | 85% phospholipids, natural lipids, proteins |
| What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? | Reduce surface tension, increases pulmonary compliance, prevents alveolar collapse |
| What is the production of pulmonary surfactant? | Yawning or big sighs stimulate pulmonary surfactant production |
| List the brand/generic names for surfactant replacement drugs? | Beractant=survanta Calfactant=infasurf Proactant Alfa=curosurf |
| What solutions are used for bland aerosol (wetting agents)? | Isotonic/normal saline=0.9% Hypotonic saline=0.45% Hypertonic saline=3% Sterile/distilled water |
| Define body humidity? | Absolute humidity in a volume of gas saturated and a body temperature of 37°C equivalent to 43.8 mg/L of water in the air |
| Define capillary action? | A phenomenon in which a liquid in a small tube moves upward against gravity |
| Define evaporation? | Process by which liquids change into a weber state. This occurs because of the changes in temperature, pressure, vapor pressure gradients |
| What is the primary goal of humidity/bland aerosol therapy? | Maintain physiological conditions in lower airways. Supply increased levels of humidity, anhydrous dry medical gases |
| What are the indication for humidity/bland aerosol therapy? | Upper airway edema, bypassed upper airway, croup, Epiglottitis, post extubation edema, need for speed him or mobilization of secretions |
| Where is the ISB normally located? | 5 cm below the Carina |
| What factors can cause the ISB to shift? | Breathing through the mouth instead of nose, cold/dry air, upper airway is bypassed, higher minute ventilation |
| How are temperature and humidity affected above the ISB? | Temperature and humidity decrease during inspiration and increase during expiration |
| How are temperature and humidity affected below the ISB? | Temperature and humidity remain constant |
| What are the hazards of inhaling dry gas? | Atelectasis, dry nonproductive cough, increased airway resistance, increased incidence of infections, increased work of breathing tube, substernal pain, airway dryness, dehydrated secretions |
| What are the three factors that affect the quality of a humidifier's performance? How does each factor affect the performance? | Increase temperature= increase capacity for water vapor Increase surface area=Increase evaporation Increase contact Time=Increase evaporation Increase flow=Decrease time for evaporation to occur |
| What are the contradictions of humidity/bland aerosol therapy? | Bronchoconstriction, history of airway hyperresponsiveness |
| What is the liter flow when adding humidity to a nasal cannula? | 4 L per minute |
| What humidifier is referred to as an artificial nose? | Heat and moisture exchanger |
| How long can a heat moisture exchanger be used for? | Up to 96 hours |
| Define centrifugal force? | Apparent force that acts out word on a body moving around a circle |
| Define condensation? | Change of state from a gas to a liquid, as with water vapor condensation |
| Define dewpoint? | Temperature at which water vapor condenses back to with liquid form |
| Define convection? | Heat transfer through the mixing of liquid molecules at different temperatures states via thermal currents |
| Define Water vapor pressure? | The pressure exerted by water and it's gaseous state |
| Define insensible water loss? | Evaporation of water from the lungs and skin |
| Define saturated? | Solution in which the solute contains max amount of solute it can take up |
| Define supersaturated? | When solve it contains more solution then a saturated solution at same temperature and pressure |
| Define inspissated? | Dried, heavy, Intense/fluid thickened or harden through the absorption or evaporation of the liquid portion, as can occur with respiratory secretions win the upper airway is bypassed |
| Define contamination? | Condition indicating the presence of undesirable or accidentally introduced organisms |
| Where are the adrenergic receptors located within the nervous system? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| What is the action of cAMP? | Promotes bronchodilation |
| Where are the cholinergic receptors located within the nervous system? | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| What is the action of cGMP? | Promotes bronchoconstriction |
| Do parasympatholtic bronchodilators indirectly or directly bronchodilator? Now describe how exactly they cause bronchodilation | Indirectly, cAMP causes bronchoconstriction |
| Do sympathomimetic bronchodilators indirectly or directly bronchodilator? Now describe how exactly they cause bronchodilation. | Directly, increase cGMP causes bronchodilation |
| Name the two types of cholinergic receptors? | Acetylcholine, muscarnic |
| Give at least one other name for parasympatholytic medication? | Anti-cholinergic, back door |
| List the two aerosolized parasympatholytic used as bronchodilator; brand and generic names? | Ipratropium bromide=atrovent Tiotropium bromide=spiriva |
| Give at least one other name for sympathomimetic medications? | Adrenergic bronchodilator/front door bronchodilators |
| List the two main ultra short acting beta agonist medication; brand name and generic names? | Epinephrine Racemic epinephrine=micronefrine,vaponefrine,nephron |
| List the three main short acting beta agonist medications; brand names and generic names? | Levalbuterol=xopenex Albuterol=proventil,ventolin,ProAir,AccuNeb,vaspine Metaproterenol=xxxxx |
| List the three main long acting beta agonist medication; brand names and generic names? | Salemeterol=serevent Arformoterol=brovana Formoterol=foradil, perforomist |
| Which classification of drugs is referred to as front door meds ? Back door meds? Side door meds? | Sympathomimetic=front door Anticholinergic=back door Canthines=side door |
| What recently replaced be Combivent MDI? | Respimat |
| What to medications are in Combivent? | Albuterol, ipratropium bromide |
| List to Mucolytics and their brand names. State which one is used for cystic fibrosis patients? | N acetylcysteine=mucomyst Dornase alfa =pulmozyme is used for cystic fibrosis patients |
| What is the difference between a rescue medication and a controller medication? | Rescue is for emergency Controllers for long-term maintenance |
| What is the mode of action for xanthines? | Promotes smooth muscle relaxation |
| Name three xanthines? | Theophylline=theodur Aminophylline=xxxx Caffeine citrate=cafcit |
| What is caffeine citrate used to treat? | Used for apnea of prematurity |
| Name to inhaled corticosteroid's; generic and brand-name is? | Fluticasone=flovent Budesonide=pulmicort |
| What drug is given with the respirgard II nebulizer and what is it used to treat? | Pentamidine isethinate=NebuPent-treats pneumocystis jeroveci(pneumonia caring) in aids patients |
| Can a corticosteroid be mixed with a bronchodilator? | Yes |
| Corticosteroids generic name is typically end in what three letters? | One, ide |
| Why should Mucomyst be mixed with a bronchodilator? | To remove thick secretions |
| Can Pulmozyme be mixed with a broncodilator? | No |
| What to drugs make up Advair? | Fluticasone, salemeterol |
| What to drugs make up Symbicort? | Budesonide, formeterol |
| What type of solution is used for sputum induction? | Hypertonic solution |
| What type of patient will be given surfactant? | Infants less than 28 weeks |
| Particle sizes of 1 to 3 micron will generally deposit in what area of the lungs? | Alveolar region |
| Particle sizes of 2 to 5 µm will generally deposit and what area of the lungs? | Lower airways |
| With what devices are therapeutic aerosols generated? | Atomizer, nebulizer |
| The mass of aerosol particles produced by a nebulizer in a given unit time best describes which quality of the aerosol? | Outfit |
| What describes the mass of drug leaving the mouthpiece of a nebulizer as aerosol? | Emitted dose |
| What measure is used to identify the particle diameter, which corresponds to the most typical settling behavior of an aerosol? | Mean mass aerodynamic diameter MMAD |
| What is the retention of aerosol particles resulting from contact with the respiratory tract mucosa called? | Deposition |
| What factors affect pulmonary deposition of an aerosol? | Size of the particles, shape and motion of the particles, physical characteristics of the airways |
| What is the primary mechanism of Deposition of large, high mass particles greater than 5 µm in the respiratory tract? | Inertial impaction |
| What will increase aerosol deposition by inertial impaction? | Variable or irregular passages; turbulent gas flow; High velocity gas flow; particles of high mass |
| Where do most aerosol particles in the 5 to 10 µm range deposit? | Upper airways |
| What is the primary mechanism for central air way deposition A particles in the 1 to 5 µm range? | Sedimentation |
| Where do most aerosol particles in the 1 to 5 µm range deposit? | Central airways |
| What technique will increase aerosol deposition of small particles? | 10 second breath hold |
| What is the primary fate of inhaled aerosol particles that are between 1 and 0.5 µm? | Most are clear during exhalation |
| A physician wants to deliver a therapeutic aerosol to the upper airways. To help ensure maximum de position in this area, you would select an aerosol generator with an MMAD in what range? | 5 to 50 µm |
| If position wants to deliver a therapeutic aerosol to the central and lower airways. To help ensure maximum Deposition in this area, you would select an aerosol generator with an MMAD in what range? | 2 to 5 µm |
| If position wants to deliver a therapeutic aerosol to the lung parenchyma. To help ensure maximum deposition in this area, you would select an aerosol generator with an MMAD and what range? | 1 to 3 µm |
| To minimize the risk of infection associated with aerosol drug therapy, what should you do? | Sterilize nebulizers between patients, frequently replace in use units, rinse nebulizers with sterile water |
| What is the preferred method for delivering bronchodilators to spontaneously breathing and intubated, ventilated patients? | Metered dose inhaler |
| Most of the spray generated by the majority of metered dose inhaler's consist of what? | Propellant |
| When fired inside the mouth, what percentage of the drug does delivered by a simple metered dose inhaler deposits in the oropharynx? | 80% |
| When using a metered dose inhaler without a holding chamber or a spacer, the patient should be instructed to fire the device at what point? | Immediately after beginning a slow inspiration |
| To ensure delivery of a proper drug dosage with a meter dose inhaler, what must be done to it before its use? | The canister should be warm to head or body temperature, canister should be vigorously shaking |
| What group of patients are most likely to have difficulty using a simple metered dose inhaler for aerosol drug therapy? | Patients in acute distress, infants and young children, elderly persons |
| What agent has been associated with increased intraocular pressure? | Anti-cholinergics |
| To decrease the likelihood of an opportunistic yeast or fungal infection associated with a meter dose inhaler steroids,what would you recommend that a patient do? | Use a spacer or holding chamber, rinse the mouth after each treatment |
| The key difference between a metered dose inhaler holding chamber and a spacer is that the holding chamber incorporates what? | One way inspiratory Valve |
| After actuating a metered dose inhaler with a holding chamber, what should the patient be instructed to do? | Continue to breathe through the device for three breaths |
| What devices would you select to deliver an aerosolized bronchodilator to a young child? | MDI, holding chamber, mask |
| Proper use of a dry powder inhaler requires that the patient be able to do what? | Generate inspiratory flows of 60 L per minute or higher |
| What patient groups is the use of a dry powdered inhaler for broncodilator administration not recommended? | Infants and children younger than five years of age; patients with an acute bronchospastic episode |
| Exhaling into what device can result in the loss of drug delivery? | Dry powder inhaler |
| What design features affect the performance of a small volume jet nebulizer? | Position, residual value, baffles, reservoirs |
| What is the average amount of dead volume in a small volume jet nebulizer after the device runs dry? | 0.5 to 2.2mL |
| What happens as the pressure or flow delivered through a small volume jet nebulizer gets higher? | Treatment time become shorter, particle size become smaller, aerosol output becomes greater |
| Normally, when using a 50 psi flowmeter to drive a small volume jet nebulizer, to what should you set the nebulizer flow | 6 to 10 L per minute |
| To minimize a patient infection risk between drug treatments with a small volume jet nebulizer what should you do? | Rinse the SVN with sterile water; air dry |
| What is the point in the respiratory tract where inspired gas reach his body temperature, ambient pressure, saturated BTPS conditions? | Isothermic saturation boundary |
| What factors can cause the Isothermic saturation boundary to shift farther down into the airways? | Decreased ambient temperature, increase tidal volume, endotracheal intubation |
| Administration of dry gas is at flows exceeding 4 L per minute can cause what? | Structural damage, heat loss, water loss |
| Inhalation of dry gases can do what? | Increase viscosity of secretions, impair mucociliary motility, increased airway irritability |
| What inspired conditions should be maintained when delivering medical gases to the nose or mouth? | 50% relative humidity at 20°C to 22°C |
| What inspired condition should be maintained when delivering medical gases to the Hypopharynx, as when administering oxygen by nasal catheter? | 95% relative humidity at 29°C to 32°C |
| What inspired conditions should be maintained when delivering medical gases directly into the trachea through an endotracheal tube or a tracheotomy tube? | 100% relative humidity at 32°C to 35°C |
| What is the most important factor determining a humidifier's performance? | Temperature |
| The greater the temperature of the gas, the_? | More water vapor it can hold |
| Gas leaving and unheated humidifier at 10°C and 100% relative humidity/absolute humidity 9.4 mg/L would provide what relative humidity at body temperature? | 20% |
| What is the simplest way to increase the humidity Output of a humidifier? | Increase the temperature of either the water or the gas |
| What is a common way to increase the surface area ratio of humidifiers? | Generate a water droplet aerosol, expose the gas to a saturated wick, use a bubble or diffusion head |
| What type of humidifiers are used in clinical practice? | Heat moisture exchanger, passover humidifier, bubble humidifier |
| Simple unheated bubble humidifiers are commonly used to humidify gases with what type of system? | Oronasal oxygen delivery |
| What is the goal of using an undefeated bubble humidifier with Oronasal oxygen delivery system? | Raise the humidity of the gas to ambient levels |
| What is the typical water vapor output of an unheated bubble humidifier? | 15 to 20 mg/L |
| Increasing the flow through an unheated bubble humidifier has what affect? | Decreasing the water vapor content |
| I'm heated bubble humidifiers are I have a limited effectiveness at flows a bubble what? | 10 L per minute |
| Why should you not heat the reservoirs of a bubble humidifier use with oro nasal oxygen delivery systems? | Condensate will obstruct the delivery tubing |
| The relief valve on a bubble humidifier serves as what function? | It indicates Winflo has been interrupted, protects the device from pressure damage |
| To protect against obstructed or kinked tubing, simple bubble humidifiers incorporate what? | Pressure relief valve |
| The typical pressure pop up incorporated in most simple bubble humidifiers releases pressure above what? | 2psi |
| When checking an oxygen delivery system that incorporates a bubble humidifier running at 6 L per minute, you occlude the delivery tubing, and the humidifier pressure relief immediately pops off,what does this indicate? | Normal, leak free system |
| Add high flow rates, what do you some bubble humidifiers produce? | Aerosol particles |
| What are the three types of Passover humidifiers? | Simple reservoir, membrane, wick |
| A design that increases surface area and enhances evaporation by incorporating in absorbent material partially submerged in a water reservoir that is surrounded by a heating element best describes what type of humidifier? | Wick |
| Which type of humidifier traps the patient's body he ate expired water vapor to raise the humidity of the inspired gas? | Heat moisture exchanger |
| Heat moisture exchangers are mainly used to do what? | Warm air humidifier gases delivered to the trachea via ventilator circuits |
| A heat moisture exchanger has an efficiency rating of 80%. What does this mean? | Of the Exhaled the water vapor, 80% returns to the patient on inspiration |
| The ideal he moisture exchanger should have an efficiency rating of at least what? | 70% |
| What patients should receive heated humidifier therapy? | Patients receiving long term mechanical ventilation, patient receiving oxygen through a bypassed upper airway |
Created by:
Ashlo29