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Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ultra short acting alpha adrenergic generic name? | Racemic epinephrine |
| Racemic epinephrine brand names? | Micronefrin, vaponefrin, nephron |
| Short acting beta agonist generic name? (3 names) | Levalbuterol, albuterol, metaproterenol |
| Levalbuterol brand name? | Xopenex |
| Albuterol brand names? (5names) | Proventil, ventolin, proair, accuneb, vaspine |
| Metaproterenol brand name? | None |
| Long acting beta agonist generic names? (5names) | Salemeterol, arformoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, olodaterol |
| Salemeterol brand name? | Servent diskus |
| Arformoterol brand name? | Brovana |
| Formoterol brand name? | Perforomist, foradil |
| Indacaterol brand name? | Arcapta neohaler |
| Olodaterol brand name? | Striverdi, rospimal |
| Anticholinergics generic names? | Ipratropium, tiotropium, oxitropium, aclcidinium, umecidnium, (bromide) |
| Ipratropium bromide brand name? | Atrovent |
| Tiotropium bromide brand name? | Spiriva |
| Oxitropium bromide brand name? | Oxivent |
| Aclidinium bromide brand name? | Tudorza pressair |
| Umecidinium bromide brand name? | Incruse ellipata |
| Corticosteroids generic names? (6names) | Fluticasone, beclomethasone diproprionate, flunisolide hemihydrate, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide |
| Fluticasone brand name? | Flovent |
| Beclomethasone diproprinate brand name? | QVAR |
| Flunisolide hemihydratem Brand name? | Aerospan |
| Budesonide brand name? | Pulmicort, flexhaler, resuples |
| Methylxanthines generic name?(3names) | Theophylline, aminophylline, caffeine citrate |
| Theophylline brand name? | Theo-Dur |
| Aminophylline brand name? | None |
| Caffeine citrate brand name? | Cafcit |
| Mast cell stabilizer generic name? | Cromolyn sodium |
| Cromolyn sodium brand name? | Intal |
| Leukotriene modifiers generic names? (3names) | Montelukast, zafirlukast, zileuton |
| Montelukast brand name? | Singulair |
| Zafirlukast brand name? | Accolate |
| Zileuton brand name? | Zyflo, zyflo cr |
| Mucolytics generic name? (2names) | Dornase Alfa, N-Acetylcysteine |
| Dornase alfa brand name? | Pulmozyme |
| N-Acetylcysteine brand name? | Mucomyst |
| Surfactant generic names? (3names) | Beracant, calfactant, poractant |
| Beractant brand name? | Survanta |
| Calfactant alfa brand name? | Infasurf |
| Poractant alfa brand name? | Curosurf |
| Diuretic generic names? (3names) | Furosemide(loop), mannitol(osmotic), acetazolamide(carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) |
| Furosemide brand name? | Lasix |
| Mannitol brand name? | Osmitrol |
| Acetazolamide brand name? | Diamox |
| List the categories of pharmacology? | Pharmacy, pharmacognosy, pharmacogenetics,therapeutics, toxicology |
| Pharmacy? | Preparation in dispensing of drugs |
| Pharmacognosy? | Identification of sources of drugs plants animals and minerals |
| Pharmacogenetics? | Study of interrelationship of genetic differences and drug affects |
| Therapeutics? | Art of treating disease with drugs |
| Toxicology? | Study of toxic substances |
| List the drug routes of administration? | External, parenteral, transdermal, inhalation, topical |
| Oral, rectal, sub lingual an NG tube are considered___routes of administration? | External |
| Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, intraosseous are considered___rather than ministration? | Parenteral (injection) |
| List the stages of drug names? | Chemical, code, generic, official, trade brand |
| List the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic, presynaptic, post synaptic? | Alpha(a), Beta(b) |
| List the neurotransmitters of parasympathetic nervous division: Presynaptic, postsynaptic? | Ach, Ach |
| Sympathetic fibers originate from the___region of the spine and parasympathetic nerve fibers originate from the__region of the spine? | Thoracolumbar, Craniosacro |
| What enzymes deactivate norepinephrine? | COMT & MAO |
| What enzymes break down ATP? | Adenyl cyclase |
| What enzymes break down GTP? | Guanyl cyclase |
| What enzymes break down cAMP? | Phosphodiesterase |
| What is the mode of action for beta-adrenergic(front door)? | Breakdown ATP, atp adenyl cyclase, cyclic-AMP |
| What is the mode of action for anti-cholinergic(back door)? | block the breakdown of GTP into cGMP |
| What is the mode of action for xanthine (side door) bronchodilators? | Inhibit phosphodiesterase |
| List the adrenergic receptors and the effects caused by its stimulation? | Alpha vasoconstriction; beta 1 increase heart rate; beta2 Bronchodilation |
| List the cholinergic receptor found at the effector site and the effects caused by at stimulation? | Nicotonic- stimulates the synapses |
| What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? | Maintain steady state |
| What does the autonomic nervous system control? | Unconscious and Autonomic functions |
| What type of bronchodilator is not given by aerosol it? | Theophylline |
| List the terms synonymous with sympathomimetic? | Adrenergics; beta alpha agonist; front door |
| List the term synonymous with anticholinergic? | Parasympathetic; back door |
| Where are drugs metabolized? | Liver |
| Where are drugs excreted? | Kidneys |
| The location where he drug interaction with the receptor is called__of__? | Site; action |
| How a drug produces it's a fact at the site of action is known as___of___or mode of action? | Mechanism; action |
| The specific location where drug attaches itself to a cell is called the___? | Receptor site |
| A drug that binds to the receptor and stimulates the receptors function is called___? | Agonist |
| A drug that blocks the receptor site is called? | Anti-agonist |
| The action of two or more agents working together producing and enhanced effect is called? | Synergistic |
| The time required for the body, tissue or organ to metabolize or inactivate half the amount of drug is called? | Plasma half-life |
| In an usual response to a drug is called? | Idiosyncratic |
| The decreased response to a drug deal to prolonged use is known as? | Tolerance |
| Agent that influences rate is known as? | Chronotropic |
| A positive chronotropic effect would result in? | Increase rate |
| Define placebo effect? | Negative or positive affect based on suggestion |
| Describe the correct breathing pattern for best deposition of aerosolized medications? | Breathe normal with occasional deep breath's and end inspiratory, hold for 3 to 5 seconds |
| List the advantages of aerosolized administration of medications? | Immediate/rapid onset of drug action, reduce systemic side effect, targeted for local pulmonary affect, smaller doses then systemic, self administered, painless and convenient |
| Name the device that is used to provide a reservoir and improve drug delivery when giving an MDI? | Spacer |
| How can you tell if an MDI canister is empty? | Canister will float on its side |
| What is the purpose of the breath hold during an aerosol treatment? | Absorption of medications |
| Ultra short acting, SAB a and LABA are considered___door drugs? | Front door |
| Anti-Cholinergics are considered___door drugs? | Back door |
| Xanthines are considered___door drugs? | Side door |
| What is the indication for the use of bronchodilators? | Bronchospasm |
| List rescue drugs? | Albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol |
| List maintenance drugs? | Salemeterol, aerosolized corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, leukotrienes, cromolyn sodium |
| Which drug is the R-isomer of albuterol? | Levalbuterol |
| what are routes of administration for xanthines? | Intravenous, injection, tablet |
| List the examples of bland aerosols? | normal(isotonic) saline, hypotonic, hypertonic saline, sterile water |
| Mode of action for N-Acetylcystiene? | reduces viscosity of mucos |
| N-Acetylcystiene is for patients with? | inspissated secretion |
| Cromolyn sodium is for patients with? | asthma (prophylactic) |
| what is mode of action for cromolyn sodium? | prevents breakdown by thickening of mast cell, prevent release of histamine & other inflammation |
| Dornase alfa is for patients with? | Cystic fibrosis |
| what is the mode of action for Dornase alfa? | hydrates DNA in sputum, reduces viscosity |
| What are adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids? | chushnoid appearance, thrush, adrenal suppression, obesity, hypertension |
| What can be done to prevent oral fungal infections caused by inhaled corticosteroids? | rinse mouth out after every use |
| list the neurotransmitters at the effector site? | NE,ACH |
| Adrenergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter___ and cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter___? | NE, ACH |
| The adrenergic receptors are? | S, B1, B2 |
| The cholinergic receptors at the effector site are receptors are? | M1, M2, M3 |
| At what point during the breath, should you instruct a patient to activate the MDI canister? | after the beginning of inspiration |
| Name the alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic? | Racemic epinephrine |
| What is the main indication for alpha adrenergic drugs? | reduce swelling |
| List the causes of bronchoconstriction? | bronchospasm, mucosal edema, retained secretions |
| What are surfactants primarily composed of? | 85% phospholipid |
| what is the function of surfactant? | reduce surface tension, prevent alveolar collapse |
| what type of cells produce surfactant? | alveolar type ll |
| how is surfactant normally produced? | yawning & sighing |
| Which two drugs are in Duoneb & Combivent? | albuterol, ipratropium bromide |
| should a bronchodilator be given before or after a corticosteroid? | before |
| what type of effect would an anti-adrenergic drug have on the heart rate? | increase heart rate |
| what type of effect would a cholinergic drug have on the bronchioles? | bronchodilation |
| what drug can be used to treat an acetaminophen overdose? | N-Acetylcystiene |
| list two causes of upper airway edema? | croup, post intubation stridor |
| __anesthesia is applied to a specific site, whereas___anesthesia results in the total loss of consciousness and reflexes. | local, general |
| the main therapeutic uses of barbiturates are__and___. They are not indicated for treating___. | general anesthesia, anticholinergic, anxiety |
| drug affinity? | tendency of a drug to combine with a particular receptor |
| drug efficacy | tendency of a drug receptor complex to cause a desired response |
| Agonist? | a drug that binds to the receptor & stimulates the receptors function |
| antagonist? | a drug that blocks the receptor site & prevents the agonist from binding to the receptor |
| tolerance? | decreased response to a drug due to prolonged use or abuse, increasingly larger doses will be required to achieve the desired effect |
| additive effect? | 2 drugs that produce the same effect and do not interfere with each other |
| Synergism? | the action of 2 or more agents working with each other, one enhances the action of the other. action is combined & coordinated |
| potentiation? | synergistic action of 2 substances in which the total effects are greater than the sum of the independent effects of the 2 substances |
| therapeutic? | agent that is healing, pertaining to the results achieved from treatment |
| Prophylactic? | agent or regimen that contributes to prevention |
| Anaphylaxis? | immediate, life threatening immune response. sometimes caused by bee sting, penicillin, peanuts |
| tachyphylaxis? | rapidly developing tolerance, diminishing responsiveness to a drug after routine usage |
| Placebo? | inactive substance that cause modification effects, either positive or negative, based on suggestion. patients think there is a drug involved but there isn't. |
| teratogens? | drugs that cause birth defects when taken by the expectant mother |
| Carcinogens? | drugs or substances that cause malignant neoplasms (cancer) |
| median lethal dose (LD50)? | dose at which 50% of subjects die during testing |
| median effective dose (ED50)? | dose at which 50% of subjects show desired effect |
| half life? | time required for the body, tissue, or organ to metabolize or inactivate half the amount of a substance taken in |
| drug of choice? | drug that best achieves the desired response with the least amount of side effects. |
| Orphan drug? | drug or product used for diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases |
| Physicians must include their DEA registration number when prescribing narcotics or controlled substances? true/false | true |
| to be sold over the counter (OTC), a product must be first shown to pose virtually no hazard to the customer? true/false | false |
| once a drug is released for general clinical use, a detailed reporting system remains in place for 10years to track any problems that arise with the drug use? true/false | false |
| when giving respiratory medications, the cardiac and vascular side effects are not important? true/false | false |
| a drug has a total of 2 different names: generic & trade? true/false | false |
| the listing of a drug and the amount of drug are found in which part of a prescription? | inscription |
| If generic substitution is permitted on a prescription:? | any manufactured brand of the drug listed may be given |
| the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms, is known as? | pharmacology |
| the brand name given to a drug by a particular manufacturer is know as the drugs? | trade name |
| to find official information about drugs (according to the FDA), you need to go to the? | United States Pharmacopeia- National Formulary(USP-NF) |
| Drugs may be obtained from? | plants, animals, minerals |
| Branch of US government responsible for the process of approving drugs for clinical use is the? | FDA |
| What health care practitioners are authorized to write prescription in the US? | physicians, dentists, osteopaths, veterinarians |
| Drugs are available to the general public without prescription are known as? | over the counter drugs |
| drugs delivered by oral or nasal inhalation are intended to? | provide a local or topical treatment in the respiratory tract |
| the advantages of delivering drugs by oral or nasal inhalation are? | aerosol doses are smaller than doses administered systemically, side effects are fewer/less severe, onset of action is rapid, delivery is painless/safe/more convenient |
| what classes of drugs can aerosolized? | antiasthmatic, adrenergic, antiinfective, mucoactive, corticosteroids |
| what drug groups are important to respiratory & critical care, although they may not be available in an aerosol form? | diuretics, antiarrhythmic, neuromuscular blocking, anticoagulant & thrombolytic |
| if a drug is ordered with Latin abbreviation qid, it should be administered? | 4 times daily |
| Lipid diffusion has no importance in drug absorption because the body has very few epithelial membranes drugs must cross? true/false | false |
| the term bioavailability is used to used to indicate the proportion of a drug that reaches systemic circulation? true/false | true |
| drug absorption is the time required for the plasma concentration of the drug to decrease by one-half? true/false | false |
| After inhalation of an aerosol, all the aerosol is inhaled into the airway? true/false | false |
| during which phase of drug action is a drug made available to the body? | administration |
| a drugs portal of entry into the body is known as the? | route of administration |
| which of the following is not a route of drug administration? enteral, parenteral, ointment, inhalation | ointment |
| which of the following methods of drug delivery are commonly considered parenteral? intravenous, intramuscular, paste, aerosol | intravenous, intramuscular |
| which of the following methods of drug administration do not require a hypodermic needle? transdermal, inhalation, subcutaneous, intravenous | transdermal, subcutaneous |
| which of the following is not part of the pharmacokinetic phase of a drug? absorption, receptor site, metabolism, elimination | receptor site |
| the process of incorporating a subcutaneous into a cell by engulfment and transport to the cell interior in vesicles is termed? | pinocytosis |
| what factors may have an effect on drug absorption? | route of administration, metabolic degradation, inactivation by stomach acids, blood flow to absorption site |
| what major body compartments contains the smallest average volume in liters? | vascular space |
| the principle organ for drug metabolism is the? | liver |
| what routes of drug administration help to reduce the first pass effect? | injection, sublingual tablets, rectal administration |
| what organ is considered the primary site of drug excretion? | kidney |
| Inhaled aerosols may have what type of intended effects on the body? | local,systemic |
| approximately what percentage of an inhaled aerosol reaches the lower respiratory tract with current delivery devices? | 10% to 30% |
| out of the total systemically available drug, the proportion of drug available from the lung is known as the? | L/T ratio |
| the mechanism of drug action by which a drug molecule causes its effect in the body is? | pharmacodynamics phase |
| The relationship between a drugs chemical structure and its clinical activity is known as? | Structure activity relationship |
| The drug albuterol binds to its corresponding receptor to initiate its intended response of bronchodilation. By definition, albuterolis known as? | |
| Agonist | |
| A perfectly efficient aerosol delivery device would theoretically have an L/T ratio of? | 1.0 |
| The main uses of aerosol therapy in respiratory care include? | |
| Humidification of dry gases, improved mobilization and clearance of secretions, delivery of aerosol drugs to the respiratory tract | |
| What is the particle size range for pulmonary diagnostic and therapeutic application? | 1 to 10 µm |
| And aerosol is best defined as? | A suspension of solid or liquid particles in a carrier gas |
| Traditionally, what percentage of a given dose of Aerosolized medication reaches the lower respiratory tract, regardless of what type of delivery device is being used? | 10% to 15% |
| What is the purpose of the end inspiratory breath hold used in conjunction with aerosol delivery? | Allows better deposition through gravitational settling |
| You're treating a patient who has confirm diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Which type of delivery device should you choose to administer the dose of pentamidine ordered by the attending physician? | Respirgard II |
| After delivering an aerosol treatment, you notice that approximately 0.5 mL of medication remains in the small volume nebulizer. What actions do you take? | Take no action and deliver the following does with the same small volume nebulizer |
| What is true concerning the recommended volume of solution when delivering an aerosol treatment be a small volume nebulizer? | A volume between 3 mL in 5 mL of solution is recommended, increasing the volume results in a decrease in the concentration of drug remaining in the dead volume one nebulization ceases, patient compliance is directly proportional to convenience |
| Your administering aerosol treatment to a patient via a gas powered small volume nebulizer when you realize that the output appears to be much less than normal. I'm checking the flowmeter, you see that it's set to 4 L per minute. Your next action is to? | Increase the flow rate to 8 L per minute |
| Your patient is receiving gentamicin A high viscosity of the antibiotic solution be a gas powered small volume nebulizer. To compensate for the increase viscosity of the aerosol solution, you should? | Set gas flow to 12 L per minute |
| What are common problems associated with patients use of metered dose inhaler? | Failure to coordinate inhalation and actuation of the inhaler, eight to rapid inspiratory flow rate, failure to shake in mixed canister contents, cessation of inspiration as the aerosol strikes the throat |
| Your patient care is an albuterol metered dose inhaler, which she claims to use every few weeks. She complains that the first dose actuated from the device seems to have no effect on her bronchospasm. What suggestion would you make to correct the problem? | Discharge a waste dose before using the MDI |
| When teaching proper metered dose inhaler technique to a patient, you should explain that failure to shake the device before actuation may result in? | A reduction in total dose, an increase in total dose |
| Your patient asked how long to wait between the first and second dose from her albuterol metered dose inhaler. You suggest that she? | Pause 1 to 5 minutes between actuations |
| Barring any issues regarding patient coordination or ability to use the device correctly, how should you suggest that a patient administer a drug with a metered dose inhaler if no spacer is available? | Hold the MDI several centimeters in front of the open mouth |
| Your patient informs you that she keeps her albuterol metered does inhaler stored in her refrigerator because she feels that he keeps the medication fresher for a longer time. What is your response? | Request that she no longer refrigerate the canister, but store it at room temperature |
| You are teaching proper use of a metered dose inhaler to an elderly man who is having trouble coordinating actuation of the device with inspiratory effort. What suggestions would you make to help him with his problem? | Suggest the use of an autohaler |
| The physician has requested that you provide a patient with a reservoir device to use in conjunction with a metered dose inhaler. Given a choice which type of device would you recommend for the patient? | Antistatic valve holding chamber |
| The greatest limitation to patient use of a dry powder inhaler is? | Patient ability to provide an inspiratory flow rate of 30 to 90 L per minute |
| The physician has granted your request to change a patient from a small volume nebulizer to a metered dose inhaler for administration of albuterol. The dose via SVN was 2.5 mg of drug. What is the equivalent dose via MDI to administer to your patient? | Two puffs |
| You have been asked to administer albuterol to a non-intubated neonatal. What aerosol device would be appropriate for the age group? | Metered dose inhaler MDI with reservoir/mask |
| The physical mechanisms usually considered for aerosol particle deposition in the human lung include what? | Inertial impaction, gravitational settling, diffusion |
| Your patient is receiving a liquid drug be a small volume nebulizer powered by compressed oxygen. The tank runs out before the treatment can be completed. What action would you suggest? | Use compressed air to complete the treatment |
| Advantages of a small volume nebulizer include what? | Ability to aerosolize many drugs solutions, minimal cooperation or coordination required for inhalation, drug concentration and dose can be modified, normal breathing pattern can be used |
| The most common error in the use of pressurize the metered dose inhalers? | Failure to coordinate actuation a PMDI with inhalation |
| Define jet nebulizer with reservoir tube? | Device produces aerosol constantly during inspiration and exhalation , allowing the greatest loss of aerosol into the environment |
| There is little or no direct sympathetic intervention of airway smooth muscle in the human lung? True or false | True |
| The pulmonary circulation is innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves? True false | True |
| There is evidence of a branch of nerves that are neither parasympathetic nor sympathetic and can cause relaxation of airway smooth muscle? True false | True |
| Muscarnic receptors are found in skeletal muscle? True false | False |
| Nicotine is capable of stimulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic cholinergic receptors? True false | True |
| The two major control systems in the body are the nervous system and the endocrine system? True false | True |
| Both the motor and the sensory branch neurons have a synapses outside of the spinal cord before reaching the muscle or sensory receptor site? True false | True |
| The somatic portion of the nervous system controls what? | Skeletal muscle |
| How is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in activated at the parasympathetic terminal receptor site? | By the enzyme cholinesterase |
| You administer an inhaled bronchodilator that is known to have adrenergic Side effects on the heart. What clinical signs should you watch for in your patient? | Tachycardia |
| On administering a dose of atropine to your patient, what effects would you not expect to see? | Bronchial constriction |
| As a practitioner, you would expect which parts of the physical examination to be affected by a dose of atropine or other parasympatholytic agent? | Gastrointestinal examination, neurological examination, cardiac examination |
| What is the adrenergic effect on the bronchial smooth muscle? | Dilation/relaxation |
| The main uses of aerosol therapy in respiratory care include? | |
| Humidification of dry gases, improved mobilization and clearance of secretions, delivery of aerosol drugs to the respiratory tract | |
| What is the particle size range for pulmonary diagnostic and therapeutic application? | 1 to 10 µm |
| And aerosol is best defined as? | A suspension of solid or liquid particles in a carrier gas |
| Traditionally, what percentage of a given dose of Aerosolized medication reaches the lower respiratory tract, regardless of what type of delivery device is being used? | 10% to 15% |
| What is the purpose of the end inspiratory breath hold used in conjunction with aerosol delivery? | Allows better deposition through gravitational settling |
| You're treating a patient who has confirm diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Which type of delivery device should you choose to administer the dose of pentamidine ordered by the attending physician? | Respirgard II |
| After delivering an aerosol treatment, you notice that approximately 0.5 mL of medication remains in the small volume nebulizer. What actions do you take? | Take no action and deliver the following does with the same small volume nebulizer |
| What is true concerning the recommended volume of solution when delivering an aerosol treatment be a small volume nebulizer? | A volume between 3 mL in 5 mL of solution is recommended, increasing the volume results in a decrease in the concentration of drug remaining in the dead volume one nebulization ceases, patient compliance is directly proportional to convenience |
| Your administering aerosol treatment to a patient via a gas powered small volume nebulizer when you realize that the output appears to be much less than normal. I'm checking the flowmeter, you see that it's set to 4 L per minute. Your next action is to? | Increase the flow rate to 8 L per minute |
| Your patient is receiving gentamicin A high viscosity of the antibiotic solution be a gas powered small volume nebulizer. To compensate for the increase viscosity of the aerosol solution, you should? | Set gas flow to 12 L per minute |
| What are common problems associated with patients use of metered dose inhaler? | Failure to coordinate inhalation and actuation of the inhaler, eight to rapid inspiratory flow rate, failure to shake in mixed canister contents, cessation of inspiration as the aerosol strikes the throat |
| Your patient care is an albuterol metered dose inhaler, which she claims to use every few weeks. She complains that the first dose actuated from the device seems to have no effect on her bronchospasm. What suggestion would you make to correct the problem? | Discharge a waste dose before using the MDI |
| When teaching proper metered dose inhaler technique to a patient, you should explain that failure to shake the device before actuation may result in? | A reduction in total dose, an increase in total dose |
| Your patient asked how long to wait between the first and second dose from her albuterol metered dose inhaler. You suggest that she? | Pause 1 to 5 minutes between actuations |
| Barring any issues regarding patient coordination or ability to use the device correctly, how should you suggest that a patient administer a drug with a metered dose inhaler if no spacer is available? | Hold the MDI several centimeters in front of the open mouth |
| Your patient informs you that she keeps her albuterol metered does inhaler stored in her refrigerator because she feels that he keeps the medication fresher for a longer time. What is your response? | Request that she no longer refrigerate the canister, but store it at room temperature |
| You are teaching proper use of a metered dose inhaler to an elderly man who is having trouble coordinating actuation of the device with inspiratory effort. What suggestions would you make to help him with his problem? | Suggest the use of an autohaler |
| The physician has requested that you provide a patient with a reservoir device to use in conjunction with a metered dose inhaler. Given a choice which type of device would you recommend for the patient? | Antistatic valve holding chamber |
| The greatest limitation to patient use of a dry powder inhaler is? | Patient ability to provide an inspiratory flow rate of 30 to 90 L per minute |
| The physician has granted your request to change a patient from a small volume nebulizer to a metered dose inhaler for administration of albuterol. The dose via SVN was 2.5 mg of drug. What is the equivalent dose via MDI to administer to your patient? | Two puffs |
| You have been asked to administer albuterol to a non-intubated neonatal. What aerosol device would be appropriate for the age group? | Metered dose inhaler MDI with reservoir/mask |
| The physical mechanisms usually considered for aerosol particle deposition in the human lung include what? | Inertial impaction, gravitational settling, diffusion |
| Your patient is receiving a liquid drug be a small volume nebulizer powered by compressed oxygen. The tank runs out before the treatment can be completed. What action would you suggest? | Use compressed air to complete the treatment |
| Advantages of a small volume nebulizer include what? | Ability to aerosolize many drugs solutions, minimal cooperation or coordination required for inhalation, drug concentration and dose can be modified, normal breathing pattern can be used |
| The most common error in the use of pressurize the metered dose inhalers? | Failure to coordinate actuation a PMDI with inhalation |
| Define jet nebulizer with reservoir tube? | Device produces aerosol constantly during inspiration and exhalation , allowing the greatest loss of aerosol into the environment |
| There is little or no direct sympathetic intervention of airway smooth muscle in the human lung? True or false | True |
| The pulmonary circulation is innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves? True false | True |
| There is evidence of a branch of nerves that are neither parasympathetic nor sympathetic and can cause relaxation of airway smooth muscle? True false | True |
| Muscarnic receptors are found in skeletal muscle? True false | False |
| Nicotine is capable of stimulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic cholinergic receptors? True false | True |
| The two major control systems in the body are the nervous system and the endocrine system? True false | True |
| Both the motor and the sensory branch neurons have a synapses outside of the spinal cord before reaching the muscle or sensory receptor site? True false | True |
| The somatic portion of the nervous system controls what? | Skeletal muscle |
| How is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in activated at the parasympathetic terminal receptor site? | By the enzyme cholinesterase |
| You administer an inhaled bronchodilator that is known to have adrenergic Side effects on the heart. What clinical signs should you watch for in your patient? | Tachycardia |
| On administering a dose of atropine to your patient, what effects would you not expect to see? | Bronchial constriction |
| As a practitioner, you would expect which parts of the physical examination to be affected by a dose of atropine or other parasympatholytic agent? | Gastrointestinal examination, neurological examination, cardiac examination |
| What is the adrenergic effect on the bronchial smooth muscle? | Dilation/relaxation |
Created by:
Ashlo29