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Microbiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ______________ is the presence of viruses in the bloodstream | Viremia |
| ______________ is the condition of fungi multiplying in the bloodstream | Fungemia |
| _____________ is the presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood | Bactermia |
| _____________ is a systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood | Septicemia |
| _______ _______ is usually caused by streptococcal species (especially viridian's streptococci) | Subacute Endocarditis |
| Symptoms of _________ ________ include fever, early embolization (vegetation dislodging from the heart valve and traveling through the blood stream), acute valvular regurgitation (back flow of blood in the heart), abscess formation (pocket of infection) | Subacute Endocarditis |
| Causes: caused by Yersinia pests spread by fleas Symptoms: fever, headaches, vomiting, swollen lymph nodes | Bubonic plague |
| Causes: The bacterium F. tularensis. Carriers of the bacteria include: rabbit, and deer ticks, deerflies, grizzly bears, hares, rabbits, rodents, cats that go outdoors Symptoms: fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, signs of sepsis, and possibly death | Tularemia |
| Causes: bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Symptoms: fever, headache, fatigue, characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans | Lyme Disease |
| Causes: it is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes, usually the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which had become infected by biting an infected human or animal (a monkey) | Yellow Fever |
| Symptoms: Fever, Headache, Muscle aches, particularly in your back and knees, Sensitivity to light, Nausea, vomiting or both, Loss of appetite, Dizziness, Red eyes, face or tongue | Yellow Fever |
| Causes: a mosquito bites a person infected with adengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. When the infected mosquito then bites another person, the virus enters that person's bloodstream. | Dengue Fever |
| Symptoms: Fever, as high as 106 F (41 C), Headaches, Muscle, bone and joint pain, Pain behind your eyes, Widespread rash, Nausea and vomiting, Rarely, minor bleeding from your gums or nose | Dengue Fever |
| Causes: occurs when your child’s Eustachian tube becomes swollen or blocked and traps fluid in the middle ear. The trapped fluid can become infected. | Otitis Media |
| Symptoms: crying, irritability, sleeplessness, pulling on the ears, ear pain, a headache, neck pain, a feeling of fullness in the ear, fluid drainage from the ear, a fever, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, a lack of balance, hearing loss | Otitis Media |
| Causes: caused by bacteria. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed into the air and breathed into the lungs of anyone who happens to be nearby | Whooping Cough |
| Symptoms: Runny nose, Nasal congestion, Red, watery eyes, Fever, Cough | Whooping Cough |
| Causes: travels through the air in droplets when someone infected coughs, sneezes or talks. You inhale the droplets directly, or pick them up from an objects and then transfer them to your eyes, nose or mouth | Influenza |
| Symptoms: Fever over 100.4 F (38 C)Aching muscles, especially in your back, arms and legs, Chills and sweats, Headache, Dry, persistent cough, Fatigue and weakness, Nasal congestion, Sore throat | Influenza |
| Symptoms: Sore throat, high fever, cervical lymph node adenopathy after a long incubation period (30-50 days), gray-white exudate in throat, skin rash, enlarged spleen and liver, sudden leukocytosis, and fatigue | Infectious Mononucleosis (also known as “Mono” or “The Kissing Disease”) |
| ___________ ___________ are diseases caused by a number of agents that infect the blood and lymphatics causing extreme fevers and disrupt the blood clotting system. The presence of the virus in the bloodstream causes capillary fragility. | Hemorrhagic fever |
| ________ __________ __________ are infectious diseases that result in a syndrome characterized by high fever but without the capillary fragility that leads to hemorrhagic symptoms. All diseases in this section are caused by bacteria | Non-hemorrhagic fever |
| See Tables 18.9 and 18.10 in the book. | :) |
| What type of hemorrhagic fever can be treated with ribavirin? | Lassa Fever |
| ___________ is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is active against hemorrhagic fever viruses (with the exception of Ebola virus) in cell culture systems. | Ribavirin |
| In human cases of Lassa fever, Ribavirin, significantly reduces mortality when administered before day _____ of illness to persons at high risk. | 7 |
| ____________ is an infectious disease caused by the parasite called Plasmodia. It is transmitted by Female Anopheles Mosquito. | Malaria |
| Which antibody is concentrated in the respiratory tract? | IgA |
| Which is the most common type of virus that leads to rhinitis? | Rhinovirus |
| Transmission of the _______ _________ is through indirect and droplet contact. | common cold |
| If streptococcal pharyngitis is left untreated, it can lead to what other illnesses? | Scarlet fever and Rheumatic fever |
| _________ _________ is a result of an infection of S. pyrogenes infected with a bacteriophage which produces a: Erythrogenic toxin Sandpaper-like rash with high fever Fatality rate up to 95% | Scarlet fever |
| _________ ________ is due to an immunologic cross-reaction between streptococcal M proteins and the heart muscle. | Rheumatic fever |
| Prevention of Diphtheria includes what? | Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine (DTaP) |
| Treatment of Diphtheria includes what? | Antitoxin plus penicillin or erythromycin |
| The Mantoux test, Chest X-Rays, Blood Testing, and Culture are all of the ways that we can diagnose _____________ | tuberculosis |
| The ___ ____includes a local injection of PPD, a standardized solution taken from a culture fluid of M. tuberculosis, inserted intradermally into the forearm and observed 48-72 hours later for a red wheal (induration), measured and interpreted as + or - a | Mantoux test, or Tuberculin Sensitivity and Testing |
| __________ ________ reveal abnormal radiopaque patches, the appearance and location of which can be very indicative. They can help verify TB when other tests have given indeterminate results, are generally used after a + test for further verification. | Chest X-rays |
| The ________ ________ for tuberculosis looks for T-cell activities in the form of cytokine release. | blood test |
| The blood testing assay is called what? | interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) |
| Blood testing for tuberculosis uses _______ ________ and can be completed within 24 hours. | whole blood |
| ___________ diagnosis differentiates between M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria | Culture |
| growing colonies are required to determine ___________ sensitivities. | antibiotic |
| __________-___________TB can occur in any part of the body other than the lungs like lymph nodes, pleura, abdomen, spinal cord, bones and joints, genitourinary tract, skin, meninges, and the brain and its coverings | extra-pulmonary |
| What 5 organs are most commonly involved in extra-pulmonary TB? | the regional lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, brain, and meninges. |
| __________ _____________ is the agent of a spectrum of conditions, ranging from mild gastroenteritis with fever to bloody diarrhea | E. coli O157:H7 |
| E. coli O157:H7 involve __________ in traveler’s diarrhea | enterotoxin |
| _____________ ___________ is a gram-positive endospore-forming rod found as normal biota in the intestine | Clostridium difficile (C-diff) |
| Clostridium difficile (C-diff) produces two enterotoxins, toxins A and B, that cause areas of __________ in the wall of the intestine. | necrosis |
| The predominant symptom of _______ ____________ is diarrhea commencing late in antibiotic therapy or even after therapy has stopped. More severe cases exhibit abdominal cramps, fever, and leukocytosis. | Clostridium difficile (C-diff) |
| _________ _________ are bacteria rods with a single polar flagellum, belonging to the family Vibrionaceae. | Vibrio cholera |
| ___________ symptoms include vomiting, followed by copious watery feces called secretory diarrhea. The intestinal contents are lost very quickly, leaving only secreted fluids. This voided fluid contains flecks of mucus. | cholera |
| The __________ from cholera causes loss of blood volume, acidosis from bicarbonate loss, and potassium depletion, which manifest in muscle cramps, severe thirst, flaccid skin, sunken eyes, and, in young children, coma and convulsions | diarrhea |
| __________ circulatory consequences for cholera can include hypotension, tachycardia, cyanosis, and collapse from shock within 18 to 24 hours. | Secondary |
| What microorganisms can be transmitted by drinking contaminated water? | Cholera, salmonella, shigella, Escherichia coli, and helicobacter pylori. |
| ______________ is the inflammation and necrosis of the liver that is often the result of viral infection. | Hepatitis |
| Hepatitis _____ virus and hepatitis _____ virus are both single-stranded nonenveloped RNA viruses. | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) |
| Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both transmitted through the _______-_______ route, and both cause relatively minor, self- limited hepatitis. | fecal-oral |
| When _________ infects pregnant women, it causes a 15% to 25% fatality rate. | HEV |
| In general, Hepatitis A is associated with deficient ___________ __________ and lack of public health measures. | personal hygiene |
| In countries with inadequate sewage control, most outbreaks of _________ _____ are associated with fecally contaminated water and food. | Hepatitis A |
| Most __________ _____ infections result from close institutional contact, unhygienic food handling, eating shellfish, sexual transmission, or travel to other countries. | Hepatitis A |
| Hepatitis A occasionally can be spread by _______ or ________ products, but this is the exception rather than the rule. | blood, blood |
| Prevention of hepatitis A is based primarily on ____________ called Havrix | immunization |
| A combined hepatitis A/hepatitis B vaccine, called __________, is recommended for people who may be at risk for both diseases, such as people with chronic liver dysfunction, intravenous drug users, and anyone engaging in anal-oral intercourse. | Twinrix |
| Hepatitis _____ has no vaccine. | Hepatitis E |
| No specific medicine is available for hepatitis ___ or _____ once the symptoms begin. | hepatits A or E |
| Drinking lots of fluids and avoiding liver irritants such as aspirin or alcohol will speed recovery for hepatitis _____ or ______ | hepatits A or E |
| Worm infection usually provokes an increase in granular leukocytes called ____________, which have a specialized capacity to destroy multicellular parasites. | eosinophils |
| The increase of eosinophils, called ___________ , is a hallmark of helminthic infection and is detectable in blood counts. | eosinophilla |
| Helminths can range in size from _____mm to _____ mm | .3 mm (barely visible roundworm) to 25 mm (huge tape worm) |
| What are the three categories of helminths? | Nematodes (round worm), Trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworm). |
| What is Enterobius vermicularis? | Pinworm or seat worm. |
| __________ is the most common worm disease of children in temperate zones. | Pinworm |
| A diverse group of helminths enter the body as larvae or eggs, mature to the worm stage in the _________. | intestines |
| Once the helminths have matured inside the intestines, they migrate into the circulatory and lymphatic systems, after which they travel to the heart and lungs, migrate up the respiratory tree to the throat, and are __________. | swallowed |
| Once the helminths are swallowed, they return to the __________ ___________ where they then take up residence | intestinal tract |
| __________ may induce inflammatory reactions along their migratory routes, resulting in eosinophilia and, during their lung stage, pneumonia. | Helminths |
| o Eosinophilia o diarrhea and abdominal pain o weakness o blood and protein loss (causing anemia) o rectal prolapse Are all symptoms of what? | Helminths |
| People acquire ______________ by consuming raw or undercooked meat infected with the Trichinella parasite, particularly wild game meat or pork. | trichinellosis |
| Pigs, cougars, and black bears are all known to harbor __________ infection. | Trichinella |
| What organs do liver flukes live in the human body? | Liver, gallbladder- (bile duct), intestines, bladder, skin |
| ___________ _________ is one of the few infectious agents that can invade intact skin | Liver flukes |
| Another species of flukes called Schistosoma haematobium causes disease in the _________ | bladder |
| What is the mode of transmission for sinusitis? | Through endogenous contact, direct contact, indirect contact, as well as introduction by trauma or opportunistic overgrowth |
| various viruses, various fungi, various bacteria, often a mixed infection, allergies, structural abnormalities are common non-infectious causes of _____________ | sinusitis |
| Viral infections of the ___________ ear lead to inflammation of Eustachian tubes, buildup of fluid and bacterial multiplication in the fluid. | upper ear |
| What does erythrogenic toxin cause in relation to scarlet fever? | Erythrogenic toxin causes the bright red rash and fever of scarlet fever. |
| What illness results in the formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat? | Diptheria |
| __________ _________ virus enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. | Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
| Symptoms of __________ _________ __________ include congested or runny nose,Dry cough,Low-grade fever,Sore throat,Mild headache. Will become severe by spreading to the lower respiratory tract, causing pneumonia or bronchiolitis . | Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
| Treatment for __________ __________ _________ includes over counter medicine like tylenol, nasal saline drops for stuffy nose, IV fluids and humidified oxygen if in hospital. Antibiotics only if bacterial pneumonia is suspected. | Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
| How would you treat a drug-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae? | Wait for resolution; if needed, amoxicillin (high rates of resistance) or amoxicillin + clavulanate or cefuroxime; in Serious Threat category in CDC Antibiotic Resistance Report |
| What is the most predominant microorganism found in the female reproductive tract during childbearing years? | Lactobacillus |
| What is the cause of Urinary Tract Infections? | E. coli |
| Pain, frequent urges to urinate even when the bladder is empty, and burning pain accompanying urination (called dysuria) along with cloudy urine, fever, orange tinge and nausea are all symptoms of what? | A Urinary Tract Infection |
| __________ is the inflammation of the urinary bladder. | Cystitis |
| ____________ is often caused by infection and is usually accompanied by frequent, painful urination. | Cystitis |
| A ________ infection of cystitis may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination, and blood in the urine | bladder |
| A _______ infection of cystitis may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. | kidney |
| Any cystitis that lasts more than _____ days should be discussed with a doctor. Doctors may prescribe 3 day or 7 to 10 day course of antibiotics. | 4 |
| The most common cause of a urinary tract infection is a bacterium commonly found in the gut called Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is usually spread to the __________ from the ______ (back passage). | urethra from the anus |
| What is the most common cause (microorganism) for vaginitis? | Candida albicans |
| __________ can cause genital itching and a thick, white vaginal discharge that is similar to cottage cheese | Vaginitis |
| ____________ can kill the antifungal bacteria that normally live in the vagina. | Antibiotics |
| Candida albicans is an opportunistic _________ that is the cause of Candida Related Complex and many undesirable symptoms including fatigue, weight gain, joint pain, and gas. | fungus (or form of yeast) |
| ________ _________ fungi make their way into the vagina from the anus. | Candida albicans |
| An overgrowth of C. albicans (or other Candida species) in the vagina causes a ________ __________ also known as candida vaginitis or vulvovaginal candidiasis. | yeast infection |
| _______________ ___________ is the most commonly reportable STD in the US with 1 million cases reported annually. | Genital chlamydia |
| ____________ ____________ disease is an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes that has ascended from the lower reproductive tract. | Pelvic Inflammatory disease |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by what? | gonococci and chlamydias. |
| __________ _________ is the earliest sign of syphilis and is characterized by a chancre at the site of entry of the pathogen. This painless ulcer may not be noticeable and heal without scarring in 3 to 6 weeks. | Primary syphilis |
| 3 wks to 6 mths after the chancre heals the _____ stage appears. Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and a red or brown rash on all skin surfaces including palms of hands and soles of feet, person's hair often falls out. | secondary |
| __________ __________ is the final stage with numerous pathological complications. | Tertiary Syphilis |
| The latency period for syphilis can last for ___ years or longer and happens in about ___% of infections. | 20 year, 30% |
| In ____________ ____________ _______, the infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum. | Herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2) |
| Although HSV-2 sores may occur in other locations, these sores usually are found below the __________ | waist |
| Fluids found in a herpes ________ carry the virus, and contact with those fluids can cause infection. | sore |
| The herpes virus can be released through your _______ and spread the infection to your sex partner(s). | skin |
| Genital herpes sores usually appear as one or more _____________ on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth. | blisters |
| The first time someone has a herpes outbreak they may also have _____-like symptoms such as fever, body aches, or swollen glands. | flu-like |
| ___________ herpes is a condition that occurs in infants who are infected with HSV via exposure to the genital form of the infection from their mother at birth. | Neonatal herpes |
| Neonatal herpes can result in __________ disability or ________. | Neurological disability or death |
| ___________-____________ __________ __________ is a form of encephalitis which occurs when the herpes simplex virus infects the central nervous system. | Encephalitis- Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) |
| ______________ _____________ ___________ __________ is a serious condition that causes fever, severe headache, flu-like symptoms and seizures. | Encephalitis- Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) |
| HSE can be treated with _____________ medication and is often fatal if not treated properly. | antiviral |
| Herpes simplex in any patient with a _____ ____ immune system can cause Pneumonia; Inflammation of the esophagus; Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain); Destruction of the adrenal glands; disseminated herpes (spread of infection throughout the body) | seriously compromised |
| Human Papillomavirus Infection is a cause associate with _______ ___________ | genital warts |
| Vaginosis is similar to vaginitis but does not include ___________ __________. | significant inflammation |
| The bacterium Gardnerella is associated with a particularly common condition in women in their childbearing years called __________ | vaginosis |
Created by:
bethany.metzger