_________ _________ _________ are lymph organs that are responsible for immunity at common points of entry for pathogenic microbes

Aggregated lymph nodules (tonsils, Peyer patches)

________ _________ and _________ ____________ __________ contribute to the blood pressure gradient in veins and also establish a lymph pressure gradient.

breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions

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A&P 2 Test 5

Question	Answer
There is a higher composition of plasma proteins in __________ than there are in lymph and interstitial fluid.	plasma
_________ is clear, watery-appearing fluid found in the lymphatic vessels that is isotonic.	Lymph (or lymphatic fluid)
________ _________ fills spaces between cells. Has a lower protein concentration.	Interstitial fluid
Both lymph and interstitial fluid closely resemble _______ __________ in composition.	blood plasma
Lymph and interstitial fluid contain a lower percentage of _______ than plasma	proteins
The average concentration of protein (4 grams/100 ml) in lymph taken from the ______ _______ is about twice that found in most interstitial fluid samples.	thoracic duct
Lymph is isotonic and almost identical in chemical composition to _______ _______ when comparisons are made between the two fluids taken from the same area of the body	interstitial fluid
Lymph from the __________ _________ ____________ empties into the right lymphatic duct and then into the right subclavian vein.	upper right quadrant
Lymph from the rest of the body empties into the ___________ duct and left subclavian vein.	thoracic
__________ are lymphatic capillaries in the villi found in the small intestines.	Lacteals
Lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients from the _________ _________	small intestines
The milky lymph found in lacteals after digestion contains 1% to 2% fat and is called ________	chyle
Interstitial fluid has much (lower/higher) lipid content than chyle.	lower
Lymphatics have (thinner/thicker) walls than veins	thinner
Lymphatics contain more _______ than veins	valves
Lymphatics contain ________ __________ located at certain intervals along their course	lymph nodes
The importance of the lymphatic system is maintaining a balance of fluid in the __________ environment.	internal
___________ filters into interstitial spaces from blood flowing through capillaries	Plasma
Most ________ __________ is absorbed by tissue cells or reabsorbed by the blood before it flows out of the tissue.	Interstitial fluid (IF)
Where does the small percentage of the interstitial fluid left behind go?	It remains behind
__________ ____________ act as “drains” to collect the excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it reaches the heart.	lymphatic vessels
The ____________ system maintains includes immunity. Note: Maintains fluid balance in the internal environment	lymphatic
__________ could cause tissue destruction	Edema
The __________ system is involved in immunity.	lymphatic
__________ ___________ are lymph organs that collect fluids draining from tissues of the body (lymph) and return it to the blood circulation	lymphatic vessels
________ __________ are lymph organs that collect tissue fluid (forming lymph) & transport lymph to larger lymphatic vessels.	lymphatic capillaries
________ ________ are lymph organs that collect lymph from network of lymphatic vessels and drain it into the blood circulation	Lymphatic ducts
__________ _________ are responsible for Hematopoiesis (WBCs), immunity, filter body fluids	Lymphoid organs
_______ ______ are lymph organs that are responsible for filtration of lymph before it enters bloodstream; mechanical filtration: removing particles; biological filtration: cells destroy and remove particles	lymph nodes
_________ _________ _________ are lymph organs that are responsible for immunity at common points of entry for pathogenic microbes	Aggregated lymph nodules (tonsils, Peyer patches)
The _________ is a lymph organ responsible for hematopoiesis--site of T-lymphocyte (T-cell) development; hormone production—thymosin regulates T-cell development	Thymus
The___________ is a lymph organ responsible for hematopoiesis (WBCs), Immunity, filtration of blood, tissue repairs, destruction of old RBCs & platelets, and blood reservoir	Spleen
The ____________ is the primary organ of the lymphatic system and it is an unpaired organ made up of two pyramidal lobes located in the mediastinum.	thymus
With advancing age, the thymus becomes yellowish as lymphoid tissue is replaced by _____.	fat
Lymph that empties into the right lymphatic ducts, then drains into the ______ ________ _______	right subclavian vein
Lymph that empties into the thoracic duct, then drains into the _______ ______ _______	left subclavian vein
Once the lymph drains into the left subclavian vein it joins the left ______ _______ _______	internal jugular vein
In most people there are __________ separate lymphatic ducts that drain into the right subclavian vein rather than a single right lymphatic duct.	three
Lymph pressure gradient is established by the rise of ________ ___________ pressure	Interstitial fluid (IF)
Increased ________ ________ can increase IF pressure	muscle movement
Accumulation of additional interstitial fluid volume within _______ can increase IF pressure.	tissue
Process of __________ establishes a fluid pressure gradient for lymph.	inspiration
_________ _________ __________ increase lymph flow	Skeletal muscle contractions
Total volume of lymph depends on _________ of inspiration.	depth
Lymph entrance and return rates vary because it is _________________ on the amount of physical activity and other factors.	dependent
Studies have shown that thoracic duct lymph is literally “___________” into the venous system during the inspiration phase of pulmonary ventilation.	pumped
As muscles contract, they “_______” the lymphatic vessels and push the lymph forward.	milk
The actual pressure generated in the system remains very ________, and movement of lymph proceeds quite _________ compared to the circulation of blood.	low, slowly
________ _________ and _________ ____________ __________ contribute to the blood pressure gradient in veins and also establish a lymph pressure gradient.	breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions
_________________ is an abnormal condition in which swelling of tissues in the extremities occurs because of an obstruction of the lymphatics and the accumulation of lymph.	Lymphadema
_________________ develops when the blockage and edema become so severe that the affected extremities resemble an elephant’s limbs.	Elephantitis
Lymph circulation is maintained as it moves through the system in the right direction because of the large number of __________ that permit fluid flow only in the central direction	valves
A lymph node is roughly _____-_____ mm.	1-20 mm
Activities that result in central movement, or flow, of lymph are called ________________ actions	lymphokinetic
Examples of such ________________ factors include interstitial fluid pressure, arterial pulsations, postural changes, and passive compression (massage) of the body soft tissues.	lymphokinetic
______________ is the movement (flow) of lymph.	Lymphokinesis
The two functions of the lymph nodes are __________ and ____________.	defense and hematopoiesis.
_________ includes mechanical filtration stopping particles from passing any further in the body. Also is biological filtration the use of phagocytosis to destroy particles.	Defense
Lymph nodes serve as the site of the final stages of maturation for some types of ___________ and __________ that have migrated from bone marrow.	lymphocytes and monocytes
Most lymph nodes occur in __________, or ________	groups, or clusters
___________ Lymph Nodes are located just in front of the ear; these nodes drain the superficial tissues and skin on the lateral side of the head and face	Preauricular
_________ Group & ______________ Group (Submaxillary) lymph nodes are in the floor of the mouth; lymph from the nose, lips, and teeth drains through these nodes	Submental Group & Submandibular Group (Submaxillary):
__________ __________ Lymph Nodes are in the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle, these nodes drain lymph (which has already passed through other nodes) from the head and neck	Superficial Cervical
___________ ___________ Lymph Nodes (Supratrochlear Lymph Nodes): Located just above the bend of the elbow; lymph from the forearm passes through these nodes	Superficial Cubital
___________ Lymph Nodes are 20 to 30 large nodes clustered deep within the underarm and upper chest regions; lymph from the arm and upper part of the thoracic wall, including the breast, drains through these nodes	Axillary
________ Lymph Nodes and _______ Lymph Nodes are in the pelvis and groin; lymph from the pelvic organs, legs, and external genitals drains through these nodes	Iliac Lymph Nodes and Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Preauriclar=________	ear
SubMen/SubMan/SubMax = _________	Mouth
Cervical = _______	Neck
Cubital = __________	Elbow
Axillary = ________	Armpits
Inguinal = ________	Groin
_______ are most numerous (or prevalent) phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream during diapedesis; forms pus; grandular WBCs	Neutrophils
_____________ meaning “large eater”) are phagocytic monocytes that have grown to several times their original size after migrating out of the bloodstream	Macrophages
Both _________ and _________ are a part of innate immune system.	Neutrophils and Macrophages
The lymphatic tissue of lymph nodes serves as the final maturation site for ___________ and ____________.	monocytes and lymphocytes.
_______ are granular leukocytes that are usually the first phagocytic cell to arrive at the scene of an inflammatory response.	Neutrophils
________ are monocytes that have enlarged to become giant phagocytic cells capable of consuming many pathogens, often called by other, more specific names when found in specific tissues of the body.	Macrophages
Which one (neutrophils or monocytes) is produced by lymph nodes?	Monocytes are produced by lymph nodes.
More than ____% of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the axillary region. Most of the remainder enters lymph nodes along the lateral edges of the sternum.	85%
The breast has lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin ______the breast, except the areola and nipple, as well as lymphatics that originate in and drain the _________substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple	over, underlying
_______ ___________ has mechanisms that resist various threatening agents or conditions, not just certain specific agents. It kills everything and is very general.	Nonspecific immunity
Mechanical and chemical barriers, such as the skin & mucous membranes, are the body’s _______ _______ of defense.	first line
What are the four main inflammation mediators?	Histamine, Prostglandins, Kinins, and Leukotrienes
Most prevalent (or numerous) phagocyte?	Neutrophils
What are the 3 major types of interferon.	Immune, Leukocytes, and Fibroblasts
________ is ingestion and destruction of microorganisms and small particles	Phagocytosis
After digestion, phagocyte proteins display bits of peptides on the surface that are later recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system as ________	antigens
Phagocytosis is usually a part of _______ defense.	innate
Neutrophils (most numerous), Macrophage, Dendritic Cell are all ________	Phagocytes
_______ inhibit the spread of viruses	Interferons
_________ are proteins synthesized and released into circulation by certain cells invaded by viruses to signal other nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state	Interferons
Immune, Leukocytes, and Fibroblasts are examples of ____________	interferons
What are all the cells that are involved in Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity?	Phagocytes (like Neutrophils, Macrophage, Dendritic), Complement enzymes, and Natural-Killer cells
_____________ is best described as an enzyme in the blood plasma.	Complement
Complements kill invading cells by drilling a hole in their ________ ___________.	plasma membrane
____________ is a name given to about 20 inactive enzymes in the plasma on the cells surfaces.	Complement
Complements are triggered by _________ mechanisms-not a chemical barrier like hydrochloride acid or hydrolyzing enzymes.	immune
__________ is a normal mechanism that usually speeds up recovery from infection or injury usually showing signs of heat, redness, pain, and swelling.	Inflammation
________ ________ elicits responses to counteract injury and promote a return to normal	Tissue damage
Many inflammation mediators are ___________ factors	chemotactic
_____________ promote prostaglandin production	Pyrogens
________-________ is when the immune system attacks abnormal or foreign cells but spares the body’s own cells	Self-tolerance
_________ are molecules on the surface of foreign cells that are recognition markers	Nonself
_____________ is a substance that may be present to act as innate defense mechanism. First line of defense-mechanical and chemical barriers.	Sebum
Secretions such as sebum, mucus, acids, and enzymes ___________ inhibit the activity of pathogens	chemically
How can an enzyme destroy a pathogen?	Enzymes may hydrolyze pathogens. This is considered a chemical process.
How does hydrochloric acid play a role in immunity?	Hydrochloric Acid in gastric mucosa may destroy pathogens by lowering pH.
Look at and review #34 on the study guide	:)
How does a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism?	They ingest and destroy by phagocytosis; they also release antibodies and antitoxins
_________ extend foot-like projections (pseudopods) toward microorganisms	Phagocytes
__________ encircle the microorganism in a phagosome	Pseudopods
___________ drain the phagosome, which kills the microorganism	Lysosomes
_____________ activate complement after binding to an antigen by exposing complement-binding sites This triggers a cascade of reactions until each enzyme has functioned	Antibodies
____________ is “cell bursting”; often occurs when ions and water rush into a cell, causing it to burst	Cytolysis
2 year old female patient is battling leukemia. Unfortunately, she comes in contact with chicken pox. What would the oncologists do and why?	Due to her WBC being low from chemo, the oncologist would find some way to keep the disease from spreading and becoming infected.
B cell mechanisms are considered __________ _________ immunity.	antibody mediated
_____ cells produce antibodies that attack pathogens.	B cells
__________ are antigens that induce the immune system to make certain responses.	Macromolecules (large molecules_
Many antigens that enter the body are macromolecules located in the walls or outer membranes of ______________ or the outer coats of ________.	microorganisms or viruses
___________ are proteins that potentially trigger a specific immune response (macro molecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses)	Antigens
Most antigens are ________ _________	foreign proteins
Each kind of antigen usually has specific and uniquely shaped ________	epitopes
A ___________ ___________ survives for a long period in the lymph nodes and if later exposed to the same specific antigen, forms a clone of cells that rapidly produce a specific immune response.	memory cell
Memory cells become _______ _________	plasma cells
Immunoglobulin ____ Makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood. * Most prevalent antibody * The predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response.	IgG
Immunoglobulin ______ is a major class of antibody in the mucous membranes, saliva, and tears	IgA
Immunoglobulin ____ is an antibody that naive B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membrane. * The predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen	IgM
Immunoglobulin ___ is produced in small amount; produces harmful effects, such as allergies	IgE
Immunoglobulin ___ is found in small amounts in the blood; it's precise function is unknown.	IgD
_________ is a group of proteins that, when activated, work together to destroy foreign cells.	Complement
________ immunity results from non-deliberate exposure to antigens	Natural
________ immunity results from deliberate exposure to antigens	Artificial
________ immunity is when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive immunity	Active
________ immunity is when When immunity to a disease that developed in another individual or animal is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; is temporary but provides immediate protection.	Passive
An example of passive immunity is _______-_______	breast-feeding
Adaptive immunity is part of the ________ line of defense consisting of lymphocytes (White Blood Cells)	third
What are the two different classes of lymphocytes?	B-cells and T-cells
____ cells produce antibodies that attack __________	pathogens
_____ cell mechanisms attack pathogens more directly (cell-mediated immunity)	T cell
Activation of ____________ requires a specific antigen and a chemical signal	lymphocytes
A _______ is a compact form of DNA that exists only during cell division	Chromosome
A _______ is a strand form of DNA made up of subunits called nucleosomes	Chromatin
__________ are small spools of DNA wound around proteins called histones.	Nucleosomes
When its genetic codes are being expressed, DNA is in a threadlike form called ____________	Chromatin
Each DNA molecule can be called either a _________ strand or a ___________, depending on the form it is in.	Chromatin strand or a chromosome
A ______ is when gametes produce only 23 chromosomes - exactly one half the original number.	Haploid
A _______ is when the 23 chromosomes from the ovum and the sperm unite at conception and make a zygote with 46 chromosomes. Thus the same number chromosomes as the parents	Diploid
________ __________ happens when two members of a pair of homologous chromosome separate and then the maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up and distributed independently.	Independent assortment
independent assortment of chromosomes ensures that each offspring from a single set of parents is genetically _________	unique
________ __________ is when genes of an individual chromosome stay together	Genetic linkage
_______ ______ occurs when genes from one location cross to the same location on a matching chromosome	Crossing over
In ________ ________ genes from one chromosome are exchanged with matching genes in the other chromosome of a pairing during meiosis.	Crossing over
In _______ the enzyme tyrosinase is absent from birth because of a genetic mutation	albinism
In albinism the _________ cannot form melanin	melanocytes
Albino individuals have a characteristic absence of ____________ in their hair, skin, and eyes.	pigment
If both mom and dad give the recessive chromosome for albinism, the child (is/is not) albino	is
If mom gives an abnormal chromosome, and dad gives the normal chromosome for albinism, the child (is/is not) albino	is not, but a carrier
If mom gives normal chromosome, and dad gives normal chromosome form albinism (is/is not) albino.	is not
Recessive x-linked condition is red-green color blindness, which involves a deficiency of normal photopigments in the ___________.	retina
In red-green color blindness , male children of a parent who carries the recessive abnormal gene on an ______ chromosome may be color blind.	X chromosome
In red-green color blindness, a female can inherit this form of color blindness only if her (father/mother) is color blind and her (father/mother) is either color blind (homozygous recessive) or a color-blindness carrier (heterozygous).	father, mother
Male sex chromosome	XY
Female sex chromosomes	XX
Klinefelter's sex chromosomes	XXY
Turner's sex chromosomes	XO
Sickle cell trait provides ___________ to malaria.	resistance
Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cells are (more/less) likely to survive and reproduce, spreading the abnormal gene further in the population	more
In ____________, recessive X-linked genes are masked by dominant genes in the other X chromosome.	females
In __________ inherit only one X chromosomes (from the mother), the presence of only one recessive X-linked genes is enough to produce the recessive trait.	males
Only females with ______ recessive X-linked genes can exhibit the recessive trait.	two
The X-linked recessive traits is more common in (males/females)	males
What is an example of the X-linked recessive traits?	red-green color blindness: a female carrier of the abnormal recessive gene on an X chromosome can produce male children who are color blind.
If a person is XXY (Trisomy), what are they diagnosed with and how would they present?	Klinefelter's syndrome: Occurs in males with a Y chromosome and at least two X chromosomes. They are always sterile, small testes, some development of breasts, long limb, low IQ.
If a person is XO (Monosomy), what are they diagnosed with and how would they present?	Turner’s syndrome: Occurs in females with only a X chromosome. They are always sterile, failure of ovaries and other organs would not mature, short in stature, webbed neck, learning disorders.
In Mitochondrial DNA, each __________ has its own DNA molecule	Mitochondrion
Inheritance of mtDNA occurs through the (mother/father) because sperm does not contribute mitochondria to the ovum during fertilization	mother
_______DNA contains the only genetic code for several important enzymes	Mitochondrial
_________ results from a mistake in meiosis called nondisjunction	Trisomy
___________ is when a pair of chromosomes fails to separate.	Nondisjunction
Complete monosomy can occur because of meiotic nondisjunction, but only one complete monosomy (Turner syndrome) is viable in _________	humans
_________ _______ results because of recessive genes in chromosome pair 7	Cystic fibrosis
In ________ ________ Impairment of chloride ion transport across cell membranes causes exocrine cells to secrete a thick mucus and concentrated sweat (salty)	Cystic fibrosis
Thickened mucus may obstruct ___________ and ____________ tracts, leading to death	respiratory and gastrointestinal
Treatment for cystic fibrosis is _______ and other therapies.	drugs
Tay-Sachs Disease (TSD), Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Phenylketonuria (PKU) are all disease that demonstrate a _________ gene inheritance and are _______ __________	single, autosomal recessive
____________ results from recessive genes that fail to produce phenylalanine hydroxylase	phenylketonuria or PKU
In PKU, Phenylalanine cannot be converted into ____________ and thus accumulates	tyrosine
High concentrations of phenylalanine destroy _______ _________	brain tissue
Treatment of phenylketonuria includes what?	Diets low in phenylalanine
________-_____________ disease is a recessive condition involving failure to make an essential lipid-processing enzyme	Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)
carrying one TSD gene may be protective against _____________	tuberculosis (TB)
In _______ ________ disease, abnormal lipids accumulate in the brain, causing severe retardation and death by 4 years of age	Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)
TSD is predominant in the ____________ community	Jewish community
Is there any specific therapy available for Tay-Sachs disease?	No.
_________ is a chart that illustrates genetic relationships in a family over several generations; helpful in determining the possibility of producing offspring with certain genetic disorders	Pedigree
Using medical records and family histories, genetic counselors assemble the ___________ beginning with the client and moving backward through as many generations as are known. Squares represent males; circles represent females.	Pedigree
________ __________ genes regulate cell division so it proceeds normally	Tumor suppressor genes
If a tumor suppressor gene is nonfunctional because of a genetic mutation, it allows cells to divide _____________.	abnormally
________ _______________ attempts to add genetically altered cells to the body, rather than change existing body cells, as in gene replacement therapy.	Gene augmentation
Disorders that involve trisomy (extra chromosomes), monosomy (missing chromosomes), and broken chromosomes can be detected after a _____________ is produced	karyotype
The first step in producing a karyotype is getting a sample of ________ from the individual to be tested	cells
A _______ is ordered arrangement of photographs of chromosomes from a single cell.	Karyotype

Created by: bethany.metzger

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