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A&P Chapter 10
The Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central nervous system | consists of brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | consists of nerve network and consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord |
| the nervous system has three essential roles | -sensing (detect changes) -integrating (process the information received) -responding (issues commands to muscles and glands to initiate changes based on its information |
| peripheral nervous system | sensory division, motor division, and somatic sensory |
| sensory(afferent)division | carries signals from nerve endings to CNS |
| motor(afferent)division | transmits information form CNS to rest of the body |
| somatic sensory | carries signals form skin, bones, joints, and muscles |
| neuroglia | supportive cells of the nervous system |
| Astrocytes | form blood-brain barrier |
| blood-brain barrier | formed as astrocytes wrap around capillaries and protects brain from foreign substances |
| Neurons | excitable, impulse-conducting cells that perform the work of the nervous system |
| multipolar neurons | have one axon and multiple dendrites. this is the most common type of neuron and includes most neurons of the brain and spinal cord |
| cell body (soma) | the control center and contains the nucleus |
| another name for cell body | soma |
| dendrites | receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body |
| axon | carries nerve signals away from the body |
| myelin sheath | insulates the axon |
| modes of ranvier | gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at evenly spaced intervals |
| synaptic knob | end of the axon branches; inside are vesicles containing neurotransmitter |
| peripheral nervous system | the outer layer, called the Add to dictionary, is essential for an injured nerve to regenerate |
| myelin | blocks the free movement of ions across the cell membrane; the only place ion exchange can occur is at the nodes of ranvier |
| electrical changes | occur at the nodes of ranvier, creating an action potential. the current flows under the myelin sheath to the next node, where it triggers another action potential |
| cervical | innervate the chest, head, neck, shoulder, arms, hands, and diaphragm |
| white matter | appears white because of its abundance of myelin |
| gray matter | appears gray because of its lack of myelin; it contains mostly neuron cell bodies |
| central canal | carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord |
| epidural space | lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae |
| dorsal nerve root | carry sensory information into the spinal cord |
| spinal nerve | a single nerve that contains both motor and sensory fibers |
| ventral nerve root | carry motor information out of the spinal cord |
| pia mater | innermost layer |
| subarachnoid space | lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| dura mater | tough outer layer |
| another name for axons | tracts |
| ascending tracts(sensory) | take information to brain |
| descending tract(motor) | take information to muscles |
| right side of the spinal cords sends messages to | the left side of the brain |
| left side of the spinal cord sends messages to | the right side of the brain |
| spinal nerves | relay information from the spinal cord to rest of body |
| spinal cord had now many spinal nerves | 31 |
| the spinal cord only extends to | L1 |
| sacral plexus | contains the sciatic nerve(largest nerve in the body)runs down the back of the thigh; irritation of this nerve causes severe pain down the back of the leg |
| brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| arachnoid villi | CSF is reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream by projections of the arachnoid mater into dural sinuses |
| medulla oblongata | contains cardia center, vasomotor center, and two respiratory center |
| cerebellum | monitors body movement and sends messages for balance coordination and posture stores the information necessary for muscle group to work together to perform smooth efficient and coordinated movements |
| hypothalamus | controls the autonomic nervous system; contains centers for hunger, thirst, and temperature regulation; controls the pituitary gland; and is involved in multiple emotional responses, including fear, anger, pleasure, and aggression |
| frontal lobe | governs voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgement, decision making, reasoning, and aggression |
| limbic system | the emotional brain |
| hippocampus | converts short-term memory into long-term memory -if injury occurs to this area, the person would lose the ability to form new memories |
| amygdala | stores and can recall emotion |
| primary auditory complex | hearing |
| auditory association area | recognize familiar sounds |
| olfactory association area | smell |
| primary gustatory complex | taste |
| visual association area | recognize familiar objects |
| primary visual cortex | sight |
| autonomic nervous system | regulates activities that maintain homeostasis, sends impulses to cardiac and smooth muscle, also called visceral motor system |
| autonomic nervous system #2 | innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. consists of two nerve fibers that synapse at a ganglion before target, secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. may excite or inhibit target cells. operates involuntarily |
| sympathetic | prepares the body for activity(fight or flight) |
| parasympathetic | calms the body functions |
| neurons of the sympathetic division | arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
| sympathetic ganglia | exist in chains along both sides of the spinal cord |
| neurons of the parasympathetic division | arise from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord |
| parasympathetic ganglia | reside on or near target organs |
| myelination of nerves begins | during the 14th week of fetal development; it is not complete until late adolescence |
Created by:
ccwilliamson