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Microbiology Ch 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _______ immunity is adaptive immunity acquired only after an immunizing event such as an infection | Specific |
| _____ and ____ lymphocytes undergo a selective process that prepares them for reacting only to one specific antigen or immunogen | B and T |
| ____________ is the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances | immunocompetence |
| _______ or _______ are molecules that stimulate a response by B and T cells | Antigens or immunogens |
| Any exposed or released protein or polysaccharide is potentially an ________ | antigen |
| Unlike PAMPs, antigens are highly _____________ and stimulate specific immunity. | individual |
| Two features that characterize the specific immune response are ___________ and ________ | specificity and memory |
| Antibodies produced against the chickenpox virus (will/will not) function against the measles virus. | will not |
| Lymphocytes have been programmed to “________” their first engagement with an antigen and rush to the attack once again. | recall |
| What is the first step of the principal stages of immunologic development and interaction? | Lymphocyte development and differentiation |
| What is the second step of the principal stages of immunologic development and interaction ? | Presentation of antigens |
| What is the third step of the principal stages of immunologic development and interaction? | Challenge of B and T cells by antigens |
| What is the fourth step of the principal stages of immunologic development and interaction ? | T-lymphocyte response: cell-mediated immunity |
| What is the fifth step of the principal stages of immunologic development and interaction? | B-lymphocyte response: production and activities of antibodies |
| All lymphocytes arise from the same basic _____ _____ type. | stem cell |
| _____ cells mature in specialized bone marrow sites. | B |
| ___ cells mature in the thymus | T |
| Both B and T cells migrate to separate areas of ________ organs. | lymphoid |
| B and T cells constantly _______________ through the circulatory system and lymphatics, migrating into and out of the lymphoid organs. | recirculate |
| When pathogens carrying antigens cross the first line of defense resident _________ migrate to the site. | phagocytes |
| When pathogens carrying antigens cross the first line of defense, tissue macrophages ingest the pathogen and initiate an ____________ response. | inflammatory |
| When pathogens carrying antigens cross the first line of defense, __________ cells ingest the pathogen and process it to present it to T and B lymphocytes. | dendritic |
| Gamma-delta cells can be activated by ____________ | PAMPS |
| All cells have a variety of different markers on their surfaces for _______, __________, and ____ ____________ | detection, recognition, and cell communication |
| ___________ play an important role in activating different components of the immune system | markers |
| The _________ ___________ ________ is one set of genes that codes for human cell markers or receptors. | The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
| The major histocompatibility complex is found on all cells except for ________ ______ _______ | red blood cells |
| The major histocompatibility complex is also known as the ________ __________ __________ system. | Human leukocyte antigen system |
| The markers of the _________ ____________ ____________ play a vital role in recognition of self by the immune system and in rejection of foreign tissue. | Major Histocompatibility Complex |
| There are ____ classes of MHC genes | three |
| Class ___ genes code for markers that appear on all nucleated cells, display unique characteristics of self, allow for recognition of immune reactions | 1 |
| Class _____ genes code for immune regulatory markers found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, and are involved in presentation of antigens to T cells | 2 |
| Class ___ genes encode proteins involved with the complement system | 3 |
| CD stands for ________ of ________ | Cluster of Differentiation |
| There are over _____ CD molecules. | 300 |
| The most important CDs are ______, _______, and _______ | CD3, CD4, and CD8 |
| The major role of _______________ _____________ is to “accept” or “grasp” antigens in some form | Lymphocyte receptors |
| B cells have receptors that bind _________ | antigens |
| _____ cells have receptors that bind antigens that have been processed and complexed with MHC molecules on the presenting cell surface. | T |
| __________ have the capacity to respond to a nearly infinite number of unique antigens. | Receptors |
| When challenged with antigen, both B and T cells ____________ and _________ | proliferate and differentiate |
| When T and B cells are challenged with an antigen a ______, or group of genetically identical cells, are created. | clone |
| Some clones are _________ cells that will ensure the future reactivity to a specific antigen. | memory |
| When challenged with an antigen, do B and T cells respond the same? | No, they respond differnetly |
| What are the three functional types of T cells? | Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells |
| ________ T cells activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells | Helper |
| ______ T cells control the T-cell response | Regulatory |
| ________ T cells lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells | Cytotoxic |
| T cells secrete cytokines to help destroy pathogens, but they do not produce ____________. | antibodies |
| When activated, B cells divide and give rise to ________ cells. | plasma |
| __________ cells release antibodies into the tissue and the blood. | plasma |
| _____________ attach to the antigen for which they are specific, and the antigen is marked for destruction or neutralization. | Antibodies |
| Maturation of T cells and development of their receptors is directed by the ________ gland and its hormones. | thymus |
| Which CD receptors surround the T-cell receptor and assist in binding? | CD3 |
| Which CD receptors are accessory receptor proteins that binds to MHC II molecules? | CD4 |
| Which CD receptors are found on cytotoxic T cells and binds to MHC I molecules? | CD8 |
| _____ cell maturation occurs in certain bone marrow sites that harbor stromal cells in humans | B |
| During Stage ____ of the third level of defense, Naïve lymphocytes circulate in the blood, “homing” to specific sites in the lymph nodes, spleen, and GALT. | 1 |
| By the time B and T cells reach lymphoid tissues, each one is equipped to respond to a _______, ________ antigen. | single, unique |
| Diversity is generated by rearrangement of ______ _______ that code for antigen receptors on T and B cells | gene segments |
| It is estimated that each human produces antibodies with _____ trillion different specificities | 10 |
| _________ are large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the antigen receptors of B cells | Immunoglobulin |
| When secreted, immunoglobulin are ___________ | antibodies |
| __________ __________ ________ of immunoglobulin are pockets in the ends of the forks of the molecules that can be highly variable in shape to fit a wide range of antigens | Antigen binding sites |
| ________ _________ of immunoglobulin are areas of extreme versatility from one clone to another | Variable regions |
| ________ chains, _______ chains, and ________ regions of immunoglobulin have amino content that does not vary greatly from one antibody to another | light chains, heavy chains, and constant regions |
| T-Cell receptors belong to the same family as the _____-________ receptors | B-Cell |
| Formed by genetic recombination, has variable and constant regions, inserted into membrane, and an antigen binding site, are all similarities between ____ cell and _____ cell receptors. ` | B-cell and T-cell receptors |
| ___-______ receptors are relatively small and never secreted | T-Cell |
| ________ _______ is the mechanism by which the exactly correct B or T cell is activated by any incoming antigen | Clonal selection |
| ___________ _________ is preprogrammed, existing in the genetic makeup before an antigen has ever entered the tissues. | Lymphocyte specificity |
| Each genetically distinct lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity and can react to only ______ _______ of antigen | one type |
| ________ __________ is the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen | Clonal expansion |
| ___________ is synonymous with antigen | Immunogen |
| Stage _____ of immunity is the presentation of antigens – entrance of antigens | 2 |
| Stage _____ of immunity is the development of lymphocyte diversity | 1 |
| Stages ____ and _____ involve the T-cell response | 3 and 4 |
| Immunogens are substances that can _______ an immune response | elicit |
| Immunogens must meet certain requirements in what 4 things? | foreignness, shape, size, and accessibility |
| ___________ must not be a normal constituent of the body. | immunogens |
| An example of _______ might be whole microbes or their parts. | antigens |
| An example of immunogens might be ______ or substances that arise from other humans, animals, plants, and various molecules | cells |
| __________ __________ and protein-containing molecules are more immunogenic than repetitious polymers composed of a single type of unit. | complex molecules |
| Most ________ fall into the categories of protiens, polypeptides, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, and lipopolysaccharides. | antigens |
| An example of _________ and polypeptides are enzymes, cell surface structures, and exotoxins | protiens |
| An example of ________ is the cell membrane. | lipoproteins |
| An example of _________ are blood cell markers | glycoproteins |
| An example of ___________ are DNA complexed to proteins, but not pure DNA | nucleoproteins |
| An example of ___________ can be certain bacterial capsules | polysaccharides |
| To initiate an immune response, a substance must be ________ _______ to “catch the attention” of surveillance cells | large enough |
| Large, complex macromolecules of _____________ ___________ are the most immunogenic | 100,000 Daltons |
| Size alone is not sufficient for ____________ | antigenicity |
| Highly repetitious structures such as glycogen are not ______________ | immunogenic |
| Insulin at 6,000 Daltons (is/is not) immunogenic | is |
| The ________ is the portion of an antigenic molecule to which a lymphocyte responds | epitope |
| The ________ is the primary signal to the immune system that the molecule is foreign | epitope |
| __________ are small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response | Haptens |
| If a ____________ is linked to a larger carrier molecule, the combination develops immunogenicity | Hapten |
| The hapten serves as the ________ | epitope |
| _____, ________, and Ordinarily innocuous household, industrial, and environmental chemicals are all examples of haptens. | Drugs, metals |
| Many haptens develop antigenicity in the body by combining with large carrier molecules such as _________ proteins | serum |
| ________________ are Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species, but not in others | Alloantigens |
| ___________ are the basis for an individual’s blood group and major histocompatibility profile | Alloantigens |
| Alloantigens are responsible for_____________ that can occur in blood transfusion or organ grafting | incompatibilities |
| _____________ are bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells | Superantigens |
| Superantigens active ______-______ at a rate 100 times greater than ordinary signals | T-Cells |
| The result of antigens can be an overwhelming release of ________ and cell ________. | cytokines, cell death |
| Toxic shock syndrome and certain autoimmune diseases are associated with __________ | Superantigens |
| _________ are antigens that evoke allergic reactions | Allergens |
| In most immune reactions, the antigen must be further acted upon and formally presented to lymphocytes by _________ ___________ ___________ | Antigen presenting cells (APCs) |
| Examples of antigen presenting cells include _______, ____-________, and _________ _______. | Macrophages, B-cells, and Dendritice cells |
| After processing is complete, the antigen will be bound to the MHC receptor and moved to the surface of the APC so it will be readily accessible to ____ _____________ | T lymphocytes |
| Most antigens must be presented first to _____-________, even though they will eventually activate both the T-cell and B-cell systems | T-cells |
| _____-_______-__________ antigens are antigens that can trigger B cells directly without APCs or T helper cells | T-cell-independent |
| T-cell-independent antigens include _________ with many repeating and invariable determinant groups | carbohydrates |
| Which of the following is not an antigen presenting cell? A. Macrophage B. Dendritic cell C. T-helper cell D. B cell E. All of the choices are antigen presenting cells. | C. T-helper cells |
| _____ -______ reactions are the most complex and diverse in the immune system and involve several subsets of T cells. | T-cell |
| Actions of T cells are dictated by the __________ that activate them. | APCs |
| _____-_______ reactions require some type of MHC (self) recognition before they can be activated | T-cell |
| All T cells produce ___________ with a spectrum of biological effects. | cytokines |
| The end result of T-cell stimulation is the mobilization of other ___-_______, ______-_______, and _____________ | T-cells, B-cells, and phagocytes |
| T helper cell _____ activates the cell-mediated immunity pathway; secretes tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma; also responsible for delayed hypersensitivity | 1 |
| T helper cell ____drives B-cell proliferation; secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 | 2 |
| T helper cell _____ Promotes inflammation; secretes IL-17 | 17 |
| T _________ cell controls specific immune response; prevents autoimmunity | regulatory |
| T ________ cell Destroys a target foreign cell by lysis; important in destruction of complex microbes, cancer cells, virus-infected cells; graft rejection; requires MHC-I for function | cytotoxic |
| T helper cells 1, 2, and 17, as well as T regulatory cells all share the marker CD____ | CD4 |
| The marker on T cytotoxic cells is CD___ | CD8 |
| T helper cells are critical in regulating ______ _______ to antigens. | immune reaction |
| T helper cells are involved in activating ________ | macrophages |
| T helper cells activate macrophages _______ by receptor contact | directly |
| T helper cells activate macrophages _______ by releasing cytokines such as interferon gamma | indirectly |
| T helper cells secrete _____________-2, which stimulates primary growth of T cells, including cytotoxic T cells | interleukin 2 |
| T helper cells secrete interleukin _____, _____, and _____, which stimulate B cells. | interleukin 4, 5, and 6 |
| _____ ________ ______ make up about 65% of the T-cell population | T helper cells |
| ________ T cells are cells that kill other cells. | cytotoxic |
| Cytotoxic T cells can kill ____________ infected cells | virally |
| Cytotoxic T cells can kill _______ cells | cancer |
| Cytotoxic T cells can kill cells from other _______ and ________. | animals and humans |
| _______-______ T cells have T-cell receptors arranged to recognize a wide range of antigens | Gamma-Delta |
| ______-________ T cells Frequently respond to certain kinds of PAMPs in the same way as nonspecific WBCs | Gamma-Delta |
| Gamma-Delta T cells respond more quickly and produce ________ | memory |
| Gamma-Delta T cells are particularly responsive to certain types of phospholipids and react to ________ cells. | tumor |
| ______-_______ T cells are considered the bridge between nonspecific and specific immune responses | Gamma-Delta |
| _______ ______ cells lack specificity for antigens | Natural killer |
| ________ _________ cells circulate through the spleen, blood, and lungs | Natural killer |
| _______ __________ are probably the first killer cells to attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells | Natural killer |
| Natural killer cells destroy cells in a similar fashion as _______ cells. | Tc |
| Natural killer cells (are/are not) part of specific immunity, but sensitive to IL-12 and interferon | are not |
| ________ __________ _____ cells are a Hybrid cell that is part killer cell and part T cell | Natural Killer T cells |
| Natural Killer T cells have T-cell receptors for antigen and the ability to release large amounts of _________ very quickly, leading to cell death | cytokines |
| Cytotoxic T cells are programmed to kill all of the following except: A. cancer cells. B. virus-infected cells. C. bacteria. D. foreign cells grafted into the body. E. None of the choices is correct. | C. bacteria |
| ___________ are the structural and functional classes of immunoglobulins | Isotypes |
| An _______ is an immunoglobulin monomer that circulates in small amounts in the blood | IgA |
| IgA is significant component of ________ and ________ secretions of the salivary glands, intestine, nasal membranes, breast, lung, and genitourinary tract | mucous and serous |
| _________ is two monomers held together by a “J” chain to facilitate transport of IgA across membranes | Dimer |
| _______ coats the surface of mucous membranes. | IgA |
| ______ is suspended in saliva, tears, colostrum, and mucus | IgA |
| IgA provides specific immunity against enteric, respiratory, and ____________ pathogens. | genitourinary |
| ________ is the earliest secretion of breast milk | Colostrum |
| _______ is high in IgA that coats the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant | Colostrum |
| _______ are levels of antibodies in the serum over time | Titers |
| Memory B and T cells are only created from ________ activated by a specific antigen | clones |
| Activation of specific memory occurs via recognition of ________. | epitopes |
| ___________ immunity is any immunity that is acquired through the normal biological experiences of an individual | Natural |
| ___________ immunity is protection from infection obtained through medical procedures such as vaccines and immune serum | Artificial |
| ________ immunity occurs when an individual receives immune stimulus that activates B and T cells to produce immune substances such as antibodies | Active |
| Active immunity creates ________ that renders the person ready for quick action upon re-exposure to the same antigen | Memory |
| Active immunity requires _______ days to develop | several |
| Active immunity lasts for a relatively (short/long) time. | long |
| Active immunity can be stimulated by _______ or _______ means | natural or artificial. |
| ________ immunity occurs when an individual receives antibodies from another human or animal | Passive |
| Recipient of passive immunity is protected for a _______ period of time, even though they have not had prior exposure to the antigen | short |
| ______ immunity has a lack of memory for the original antigen | Passive |
| ________ immunity does not build antibody protection against the disease. | Passive |
| Passive immunity can be ______ or ______ in origin | natural or artificial |
| _________ is any immunity obtained by inoculation with selected antigens | vaccination |
| ________ __________ is immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors | Gamma globulin |
| We use _______ _______ to treat specific infections in high-risk neonates and other immunocompromised patients | Gamma globulin |
| Gamma globulin is useful when there is no effective treatment available or to treat _________ deficiencies | immune |
| Vaccinations stimulate a _______ response and a _______ response. | primary and memory |
| _________ prime the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen | vaccinations |
| With a vaccination, if the pathogen enters the body, the response will be _______, __________, and ________ | immediate, powerful, and sustained |
| ___________ have profoundly reduced the prevalence and impact of many infectious diseases that were once common and deadly. | Vaccines |
| Effective vaccines protect against _________ to natural, wild forms of the pathogen | exposure |
| Vaccines have a (low/high) level of adverse side effects or toxicity, and not cause harm | low |
| Vaccines stimulate both ___ cell and ____ cell responses. | B-cell and T-cell |
| __________ have long-term, lasting effects (produce memory) | Vaccines |
| Do vaccines require numerous doses or boosters? | No |
| ______ are inexpensive, have a relatively long shelf life, and are easy to administer | vaccines |
| ________ ________ or _________ vaccines are live, attenuated cells or viruses | Whole cell or virus vaccines |
| Dozens of bacterial, viral, protozoan, and fungal diseases remain without a functional ___________ | vaccine |
| It is difficult to design vaccines for __________ or __________ viral infections. | latent or persistent |
| In latent or persistent viruses, the host’s natural immunity cannot clear the virus, so the artificial immunity must outperform the host’s __________ response. | natural |
| In ______ vaccines microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a recipient. | DNA |
| In DNA vaccines, human cells will take up some of the plasmids and express the microbial DNA in the form of _________. | proteins |
| In DNA vaccines, the foreign proteins will be recognized during immune surveillance, and cause B and T cells to be sensitized and form _______ cells. | memory |
| In DNA vaccines, any number of microbial ________ can be expressed, making the stimulus more complex. | proteins |
| Most vaccines are administered via what three routes ? | Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal |
| Nasal and oral vaccines are available for (a few/many) disease. | a few |
| _______ and ________ vaccines stimulate IgA protection on mucous membranes | nasal and oral |
| _______ and ______ vaccines are easier to give than injections and are more readily accepted and well tolerated. | nasal and oral |
| ________ is a special binding substance required by some vaccines | Adjuvant |
| Adjuvant (enhances/inhibits) immunogenicity | enhances |
| Adjuvant prolongs antigen retention at the _________ site. | injection |
| _________ precipitates the antigen and holds it in the tissues so that it will be released gradually | Adjuvant |
| Adjuvant facilitates __________ with antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes | contact |
| The most common adjuvant is ________ | alum (aluminum and hydroxide salts_ |
| ___________ must go through years of trials in experimental animals and human volunteers before they are licensed for general use. | Vaccines |
| ____________ can cause local reactions at the injection site, fever, allergies, and other adverse reactions. | Vaccines |
| The measles vaccine can cause _________ | Panencephalitis |
| The polio vaccine can cause what rare reaction? | Back-mutation to a virulent strain |
| Disease can occur due to ___________ with dangerous viruses or chemicals. | contamination |
| pertussis and swine flu vaccines can cause what rare reactions? | Neurological effects of an unknown cause |
| And egg or tissue culture can cause what rare reactions? | Allergic reactions to the medium rather than vaccine antigens |
| Is there a link between autism and MMR vaccine? | No |
| Not vaccinating could cause _______ of measles, mumps, diphtheria, polio, typhoid fever, and whooping cough | outbreaks |
| _______ ________ is a phenomenon in which a certain percentage of the population is vaccinated, making it impossible for the microbe to circulate | herd immunity |
| Childhood vaccines save the lives of ______ million children a year worldwide | 2.5 million |
| Risks from _________ _________ almost always outweigh the chance of an adverse vaccine reaction. | infectious disease |
| Caution must be exercised in giving live vaccines to ___________________ or ____________ patients. | immunocompromised or pregnant |
| Recommendation has been vaccination for which typical childhood diseases? | all typically childhood diseases for which a vaccine is available |
| when is vaccination a recommendation for adults? | health workers, travelers, military personnel |
| Vaccination in adults to “_________” older immunizations, protect against adult infections, and to provide special protection in people with certain medical conditions | boost |
Created by:
bethany.metzger