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Microbiology Ch 12

Question	Answer
The ________ _________ are a multilevel network of innate, nonspecific protections and specific immunities referred to as the first, second, and third lines of defense	host defenses
________ defenses are the physical and chemical barriers that impede the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent, whether living or not	nonspecific
________ ________ of defense includes a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments	First line
________ _______ of defense includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry.	First line
Innate, nonspecific host defenses includes the ______ and ______ line of defenses.	first and second
______ _______ of defense includes and internalized system of protective cells and fluids.	Second line
_______ ______ of defense limits access to the internal tissues of the body.	First line
______ _______ of defense is acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes.	Third line
______ _______ of defense includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells.	Third line
________ _________ line of defense includes a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past he surface defenses.	Second line
Gamma-delta T cells, and natural killer T cells are associated with the _______ and _________ lines of defense.	second and third
Acquired, specific host defenses include the ________ ________ of defense.	third line
Physical barriers and chemical barriers are included in the ______ _______ of defense	first line
Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins are included in the _____ ________ of defense	second line
B cells, and T cells are included in the ______ _______ of defense.	third line
________ _______ of defense is not considered a true immune response because it does not involve recognition of foreign substances	first line
___________ _________ of defense includes inflammation and phagocytosis	second line
__________ ________ of defense acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the first line of defense has been circumvented.	second line
______ _______ of defense are very general in action.	first line
_______ _______ of defense is the reaction with each different microbe which produces unique protective substances.	third line
______ ______ of defense provides long-term immunity	third line
In the third line defense, most defenses overlap and are _________ in some of their effects, making the survival of invading microbes unlikely.	redundant
The _______ ________ is the tough outer layer of the skin that is impervious and waterproof.	stratum corneum
The _______ _________ of the skin is composed of epithelial cells that have become compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with an insoluble protein, keratin.	stratum corneum
Outer layers of skin are constantly sloughing off, taking associated ________ with them.	Microbes
The hair shaft is periodically shed, and the follicle cells are ___________	desquamated
The _________ effect of sweat glands also helps remove microbes.	flushing
The ________ __________ of the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts and of the eye are moist and permeable.	mucous membranes
____________ ____________ provide barrier protection but without a keratinized layer.	mucous membranes
_______ and _______ production flush the eye's surface.	Blinking and tear
The constant flow of __________ helps carry microbes into the harsh conditions of the stomach.	Saliva
_________ and defecation also evacuate noxious substances or microorganisms from the body.	Vomiting
_________ hair traps larger particles.	Nasal
The copious flow of _______ and _______ that occurs in allergy and colds exerts a flushing action.	Mucus and fluids
Ciliated epithelium (called the ciliary escalator) conveys foreign particles entrapped in ________ toward the pharynx to be removed	mucus
Irritation of the nasal passage reflexively initiates a __________, which expels a large volume of air at high velocity.	sneeze
The acute sensitivity of the bronchi, trachea, and larynx to foreign matter triggers coughing, which ejects _________.	irritants
The ______________ ________ provides protection through the continuous trickle of urine through ureters	Genitourinary tract
Periodic _______ emptying flushes the urethra	bladder
Vaginal ___________ provide cleansing of the lower reproductive tract in females.	secretions
____________ __________ presence can block the access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces and can create an unfavorable environment for pathogens by competing for limited nutrients or by altering the local pH.	resident biota
_________ _________ are important in the development of nonspecific defenses as well as specific immunity.	Resident biota
Robust commensal biota “trains" _______ ________ in such a way that commensals are kept in check and pathogens are eliminated.	host defenses
___________ ____________ diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, may well be a result of our overzealous attempts to free our environment of microbes and to overtreat ourselves with antibiotics.	Inflammatory bowel
Sebaceous secretions exert an __________ effect.	antimicrobial
Specialized glands of the eyelids lubricate the _____________ with an antimicrobial secretion.	conjunctiva
An __________ is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria	Lysozyme
The high lactic acid and electrolyte concentrations of sweat and the skin’s acidic pH and fatty acid content are _________ to many microbes.	Inhibitory
______________ acid in the stomach gives protection against microbes that are swallowed.	Hydrochloric
_______ ________ and _______ in the intestine are destructive to microbes.	Digestive juices and bile
Does semen contain an antimicrobial chemical?	Yes
Vagina has a protective ________ ____ maintained by normal flora.	acidic pH
________ encompasses the study of all features of the body’s second and third lines of defense.	Immunology
A healthy functioning immune system is responsible for what 3 things within the body?	1. surveillance of the body 2. recognitions of foreign material 3. destruction of entities deemed to be foreign.
Differences in susceptibility can arise in __________ in the genes that code for components of the immune system.	mutations
Patients with severe burns are very ____________ to all kinds of infections.	susceptible
Blockages in salivary glands, tear ducts, intestine, and urinary tract are at ________ risk of infection.	greater
The first line of defense alone (is/is not) sufficient protection	is not
inflammation, phagocytosis, and specific immune responses are necessary for ________.	immunity
For each of the barriers below, state whether it is a physical, chemical, or genetic barrier. A. Hydrochloric acid of stomach B. Sloughing of skin C. Lysozyme in saliva and tears D. Mutation in the gene for complement proteins E. Ciliary escalator	A. Chemical B. Physical C. Chemical D. Genetic barrier E. Physical
________ is the study of the body’s response to infectious agents	Immunology
________ is the study of allergies and cancer	Immunology
______ ______ ______ constantly move throughout the body, searching for potential pathogens	White blood cells
______ ______ _____ recognize body cells (self) and differentiate them from any foreign material in the body (nonself)	White blood cells
The ability to evaluate macromolecules as self or nonself is central to the functioning of the _______ system.	immune
Many __________ disorders are a result of the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissues and organs.	autoimmune
The surface chemicals that the immune system evaluates are called ________.	markers
Markers generally consist of _______ and/or _______.	Proteins and/or sugars
_______ are thought of as the cellular equivalent of facial characteristics in humans and allow the cells of the immune system to identify whether or not a newly discovered cell poses a threat.	Markers
Cells and other objects designated as ________ are marked for destruction by a number of methods	foreign
The most common way to mark a foreign cell for destruction is ________	Phagocytosis
Markers that many different kinds of microbes have in common are called ___________-__________ ________ _________	pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Host cells with important roles in the innate immunity of the second line of defense use _________ ________ ________ to recognize PAMPs.	pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
The _______ is a support network of connective tissue fibers that permeate the tissues of the body	Reticulum
The __________ Interconnects nearby cells and meshes with the massive connective tissue that surrounds every organ	Reticulum
The reticulum is ___________ to immune function because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs	Intrinsic
The _______ is the site of white blood cell maturation	Thymus
__________ cells are found in the thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and lymphoid tissue of the mucosa of the gut and respiratory tract.	Phagocytic
The ________ _________ ________ is loaded with white blood cells called macrophages waiting to attack passing foreign intruders as they arrive in these locations.	Mononuclear Phagocyte System
The ____________ ________ is a compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs	Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system transports _________ through an increasingly larger tributary system of vessels and lymph nodes, leading to major vessels that drain back to the circulatory system	lymph
The __________ system provide a route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system	lymphatic
The lymphatic system act as a “drain-off” system for the _________________ response	inflammatory
The ________ system render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies	lymphatic
The lymphatic _______ is plasma-like liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation	fluid
The lymphatic fluid is formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular space and diffuse or migrate into the __________ capillaries	lymphatic
__________ _______ Transports numerous white blood cells	lymphatic fluid
________ ________ transports fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents that have gained access to the tissue spaces	lymphatic fluid
The ________ ________ accompany blood capillaries	lymphatic vessels
______ ________ extend into all parts of the body except the central nervous system and certain organs such as bone, placenta, and thymus	lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessel ________ are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from the circulatory system	walls
Lymphatic vessels are found in high numbers in the _______, _________, and around the areola of the ________	hands, feet, breast
________ flows from the extremities to the heart.	Lymph
_______ moves only through the contraction of the skeletal muscles.	lymph
Through the __________ system, body compartments are screened by circulating WBC in the cardiovascular system.	Circulatory
The __________ system consists of a branching network of vessels that extend into most body areas and has the highest density of vessels in the hands, feet, and breast. Other organs: lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, thymus, tonsils.	Lymphatic
The _______ and _______ systems work parallel to one another .	Lymphatic and Circulatory
The ________ vessels transport in only one direction, unlike the cyclic pattern of blood.	lymphatic
Direct connections of the lymphatic and circulatory system occurs at points near the ______ where large lymph ducts empty their fluid into veins.	heart
_________ cells develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells	Thymus
______ cells subsequently migrate to and settle in the lymph nodes and spleen.	T
_________ ______ are small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs	lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are stationed in clusters along __________ channels and large blood vessels of the ________ and _________ cavities	lymphatic, thoracic, abdominal
Aggregations of lymph nodes are found in _________ __________ _______.	Armpit (axillary nodes), Groin (inguinal nodes), Neck (cervical nodes)
________________ of lymph nodes can provide physicians with important clues to a patient’s condition.	Enlargement
The ______ is found in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity	Spleen
The spleen serves as a filter for ______ instead of lymph	blood
The spleen primarily removes worn-out _____ blood cells	red
The _________ filters pathogens from the blood for phagocytosis by macrophages	spleen
Asplenic adults can live a relatively normal life, but children who have had their spleen removed are severely __________________.	immunocompromised
The ______ is the storehouse of blood that can be released in the event of a hemorrhage.	spleen
At many sites on or just beneath the mucosa of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts lie discrete bundles of ____________.	lymphocytes
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) provides an effective first-strike potential against the constant influx of __________ in food	microbes
_____________ are lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine (part of GALT)	Lacteals
_________ ________ are aggregations of lymphocytes in the ileum of the small intestine (part of GALT)	Peyer's patches
In the pharynx, a ring of tissues called the ___________ provides an active source of lymphocytes.	tonsil's
The breasts of pregnant and lactating women also become ___________ sites of antibody-producing lymphoid tissues.	temorary
Whole blood consists of ____________, ______________, ____________	Blood cells (formed elements), plasma, serum
___________ is essentially the same as plasma, except that it is the clear fluid from clotted blood; used in immune testing and therapy	Serum
The production of blood cells is called ____________	Hematopoiesis
___________ _________ are the primary precursor of new blood cells maintained in the bone marrow	Stem cells
During development, stem cells proliferate and _____________ into the specialized form and function of mature cells.	differentiate
Stem cells produce what 3 things?	RBC, WBC, and Platelets
White blood cells are also called _____________	leukocytes
__________ __________ _________ are primarily responsible for immune function.	White blood cells
________ ___________ _________ carry 02 and C02	Red blood cells
___________ are involved in blood clotting, inflammation response, and recognition and destruction of blood-borne bacteria.	Platelets
______________, _____________, and __________ are all Granulocytes (a category of white blood cells)	Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
___________ and ____________ are Agranulocytes (a category of white blood cells)	Monocytes, lymphocytes (B cell and T cell)
____________ are phagocytes in blood; active engulfers and killers of bacteria.	Neutrophils
_________ function in inflammatory events.	Basophils
___________ are active and in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions.	Eosinophils
____________ are blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation; mature into macrophages and dendritic cells.	Monocytes
___________ are the largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells; strategic participants in certain specific immune reactions.	Macrophages
_____________ cells are relatives of macrophages that reside throughout the tissues and mononuclear phagocyte system; responsible for processing foreign matter and presenting it to lymphocytes.	Dendritic
_____________ are primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter	Lymphocytes
____ cells differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral immunity)	B
_____ cells perform and number of specific cellular immune responses such as assisting B cells and killing foreign cells (cell-mediated immunity)	T
_______ _______ or T (NKT) cells display T-cell antigen receptors and have NK activity	Natural killer
_______-________ T cells respond to PAMPs and specific antigens, high proportions in gut mucosa.	Gamma-delta
Erythoblasts form ___________ _______ _______	Red blood cells
Megakaryoblasts form _________	platelets
Myeloblasts form ____________, _________, ___________, __________, or ________ ________	Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, megakaryoblasts, or mast cells
Monoblasts form ______________	monocytes
Lymphoblasts form ____ cells, ______ cells and ________ ___________ cells	B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK)
______ ________ cells are related to T cells but display no antigen specificity, these cells are active against cancerous and virally infected cells.	Natural Killer
Lymphatic fluid contains all of the following except: A. White blood cells B. Extracellular fluid C. Red blood cells D. Cellular debris E. Infectious agent	C. Red blood cells
The _________ __________ of defense includes generalized and nonspecific defenses that support and interact with specific immune responses	second line of defense
The second line of defense includes Phagocytosis, inflammations, fever, and _________ _________	Antimicrobial proteins.
____________ is the cornerstone of Inflammation and Specific Immunity	Phagocytosis
General activities of _______________ are to survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells, ingest and eliminate these materials, and extract immunogenic information	phagocytosis
The three types of phagocytes are __________, ____________, and __________	Neutrophils, Monocytes, and macrophages
_________ are the general purpose phagocytes	Neutrophils
___________ react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria and other foreign materials and to damaged tissue	Neutrophils
High _____________ count in the blood is a common sign of bacterial infection	neutrophil
____________ are the primary component of pus.	Neutrophils
___________ are transformed into macrophages after they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues.	Monocytes
_____________ live in a certain tissue and remain there during their lifespan:	Histiocytes
A ___________ is a "eating cell"	Phagocyte
_______________ is the physical process of engulfment and the attack and dismantling of foreign cells.	Phagocytosis
_______________ can be an isolated event or as part of the orchestrated events of inflammation	Phagocytosis
The events of phagocytosis include what 5 steps?	Chemotaxis, ingestion, phagolysosome formation, destruction, excretion.
____________ ____________ ____________ ___________ Signal molecules found on microbial surfaces recognized by phagocytes and other defensive cells	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
______________ Serve as “red flags” for phagocytes and other cells of innate immunity	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Bacterial PAMPs include ___________ and _____________	peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide
Viral PAMPs include ___________-__________ _______	double-stranded RNA
__________ ___________ __________ are found on phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes	Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
_________ ____________ _________ Recognize and bind PAMPs	Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Cells possess _________s whether they have encountered PAMPs before or not	PRRs
___________ are PRRs found within the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells of the innate immune system	Inflammasomes
_______________ Recognize PAMPs once they have been phagocytosed	Inflammasomes
__________ are Phagocytes migrate into a region of inflammation with a deliberate sense of direction, attracted by a gradient of stimulant products from the parasite and host tissue at the site of injury.	chemotaxis
In _________ phagocytes use pattern recognition to identify and stick to foreign cells.	adhesion
_______ and _____ _____ occur once the phagocyte has made contact with its prey, it extends pseudopods that enclose the cells or particles in a pocket and internalize them in a vacuole called a phagosome.	Engulfment and Phagosome Formation
In step ____ of phagocytosis lysosomes migrate to scene of phagosome and fuse with it to form a phagolysosome. Granules containing antimicrobial chemicals released into phagolysosome, form a potent brew to poison and then dismantle the ingested material.	5
_________ is redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue	Rubor
__________ is warmth caused by the heat given off by the increased flow of blood	Calor
_________ is swelling caused by fluid escaping into the tissues	Tumor
_______ is pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings	Dolor
The _________ _________ is easily identifiable by a classic series of signs and symptoms.	Inflammatory Response
The _______ _________ is a Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury	Inflammatory Response
Some chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, are caused by chronic _____________.	inflammation
The Inflammatory Response can be ______ or _______.	local or systematic
Some researchers believe that aging is a consequence of increasing __________ in multiple body systems.	inflammation
Trauma from infection, tissue injury or necrosis due to physical or chemical agents, and specific immune reactions are all factors that elicit ___________	inflammation
Mobilize and attract immune components, set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances, and destroy microbes and block their further invasion are all chief functions of the ________ __________.	inflammatory response
Many microbes have developed mechanisms that _________ inflammation that causes tissue damage.	elicit
The inflammatory response has the potential to _________ tissue injury, destruction, and disease	cause
___________ are hundreds of small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and otherwise control many aspects of cell development, inflammation, and immunity	Cytokines
________ are produced by monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, platelets, and endothelial cells	Cytokines
Effects of _________ may be local or systemic, short term or long lasting, specific or nonspecific, protective or pathologic	Cytokines
There are _____ major functional types of cytokines.	four
Some cytokines mediate _________ immune reactions such as inflammation and phagocytosis.	nonspecific
Some cytokines activate ______ reactions during inflammation such as vasoactive medator.	immune
Some cytokines regulate the ______ and _______ of lymphocytes	growth and activation
____________ factors for white blood cell miscellaneous inflammatory mediators.	hematopoiesis
Nonspecific mediators of inflammation and immunity include ________ ________ __________, ____________, and ________.	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferons (IFNs), and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Cytokines that activates specific immune reactions include _________ __________.	Interferon gamma
Vasoactive mediators include _________, __________, and ____________	Histamine Serotonin, and bradykinin
Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte growth and activation include ___________________-2 and ____________ ________-_________ __________	Inerleukin-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Miscellaneous inflammatory mediators include ____________,__________, and __________-_________ factor.	Prostaglandins, leukotriens, platelet-activating factor
______ _________ _______ is a substance from macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells that increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis and stimulates other cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines.	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
__________ are produced by leukocytes, fibroblasts, and other cells, inhibit virus replication and cell division and increase the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells.	Interferons (IFNs_
__________-6 is secreted by macrophages and T cells. Its primary effects are to stimulate the growth of B cells and to increase the synthesis of liver proteins.	Interleukin-6
________ ________ is a T-cell-derived mediator whose primary function is to activate macrophages. It also promotes the differentiation of T and B cells, activates neutrophils, and stimulates diapedesis.	Interferon gamma
_________ is a vasoactive mediator produced by mast cells and basophils, causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and mucus production. It functions primarily in inflammation and allergy.	Histamine
__________ is a mediator produced by platelets and intestinal cells, causes smooth muscle contraction, inhibits gastric secretion, and acts as a neurotransmitter.	Seratonin
___________ is a vasoactive amine from the blood or tissues, stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases vascular permeability, mucus production, and pain. It is particularly active in allergic reactions.	Bradykinin
____________-2 the primary growth factor from T cells. Interestingly, it acts on the same cells that secrete it. It stimulates mitosis and secretion of other cytokines. In B cells, it is a growth factor and stimulus for antibody synthesis.	Interleukin-2
____________ ____________-___________ ___________ produced by a variety of cells. Promotes the growth and development of macrophages from undifferentiated precursor cells.	macrophage colony-stimulating factor
____________ are produced by most body cells; complex chemical mediators that can have opposing effects (e.g., dilation or constriction of blood vessels) and are powerful stimulants of inflammation and pain.	Prostaglandins
________________ stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle and enhance vascular permeability. They are implicated in the more severe manifestations of immediate allergies (constriction of airways).	Leukotriens
_________-________ factor is a substance released from basophils, causes the aggregation of platelets and the release of other chemical mediators during immediate allergic reactions.	Platelet-activating
The process leading to inflammation is a dynamic, predictable series of events lasting from a few ________ to a few ________or ________	minutes to a few hours or days
Once the initial injury has occurred, a ______ ________ takes place at the site of damaged tissue, summoning beneficial cells and fluids to the injured area.	chain reaction
________ is the migration of WBCs out of blood vessels into tissues	Diapedesis
WBCs are actively ____________ and readily change shape	motile
____________ cells lining venules contain complex adhesive receptors that capture WBCs and transport them into intracellular spaces.	Endothelial
Both ____________ and _________ are essential for the intercommunication and deployment of cells required for immune reactions.	diapedesis and chemotaxis
One benefit of edema and leaky vessels is that an influx of ______ dilutes toxic substances.	fluid
One benefit of edema and leaky vessels is that a ______ clot can trap microbes to prevent further spread.	fibrin
One benefit of edema and leaky vessels is that neutrophils aggregated at the inflamed site are involved in _________ and destroying bacteria	phagocytosing
______ is the accumulation of a whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria	Pus
__________ bacteria is bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, gonococci, and meningococci that stimulate the formation of pus	Pyogenic
A ______ is abnormally elevated body temperature	fever
A _______ is a nearly universal symptom of infection	fever
A _______ can be associated with certain allergies, cancers, and other organic illnesses.	fever
fevers of __________ _________ are intermittent fevers greater than 38 degrees C (101 degrees F) lasting longer than 3 weeks for which no known cause can be determined after 1 week of inpatient investigation.	unknown origin
Body temperature is maintained at 37°C (98.6°F) by the ___________	hypothalamus
A _____ grade fever is 37.7 – 38.3°C or 100 – 101°F	low
A ____ grade fever is 40.0 – 41.4°C or 104 – 106°F	high
_______ are substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting	Pyrogens
________ pyrogens are products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, vaccines, or injectable solutions	Exogenous
________ pyrogens are liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor	Endogenous
A _______ inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms such as the poliovirus, cold viruses, herpes zoster virus, and systemic and subcutaneous fungal pathogens	fever
A fever impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of ______	iron
A _______ Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes	fever
A fever _______ up hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions	speeds
_________ of fever make it a difficult decision whether to treat or not to treat	Benefits
________ to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be allowed to run its course	Slight
Side effects of a fever might include what 3 things?	Tachycardia: rapid heart rate, Tachypnea: elevated respiratory rate, and lowering of seizure threshold
Medical experts agree that high and prolonged fevers in individuals with cardiovascular disease, seizures, or respiratory ailments should be treated ________.	Immediately
An __________ is a small protein produced naturally by certain white blood and tissue cells	Interferon
The ________ was originally thought to be directed against viruses, but is involved in defenses against microbes and immune regulation and intercommunication	interferon
Interferon ______ and _______ are produced by lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages	alpha and beta
Interferon _______ are produced by T cells	gamma
_________ Bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression; exact results vary	Interferons
All three IFNs can _________ the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects	inhibit
Which interferons stimulate phagocytes?	Alpha and Beta
Which interferons are the immune regulator of macrophages and T and B cells	Gamma
Binding of viruses and other microbes to receptors on a host cell, signals the cell to produce _______	interferon
Interferon molecules are rapidly secreted into the _____________ space, binding to other host cells.	extracellular
Binding of interferon induces the production of __________ in the cell that inhibit viral multiplication	proteins
Interferons are not __________-________	microbe specific
Interferons are valuable treatment for a number of ______ infections	virus
The _______ antimicrobial protein is named for its property of “complementing” immune reactions	complment
The ________ antimicrobial protein consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and certain viruses	complement
The complement protein reacts in a _________ reaction.	cascade
There are three different pathways for __________ proteins that are distinguished by how they are activated; all have the same end result.	complement
During the _______ stage of the complement cascade, C1 components bind to an initiator bound to a foreign cell.	initiated
During the _________ and ________ stage of the complement cascade, C1 leads to C5 being cleaved and bound to the membrane	amplification and cascade
During the ____________ stage of the complement cascade, C5 product becomes the site for the assembly of the membrane attack complex	Polymerization
During the _________ _________ stage of the complement cascade, C5 – C9 form the membrane attack complex that punctures pores in the cell membrane, leading to lysis	membrane attack
The _______ pathway is initiated either by the foreign cell membrane of a parasite or a surface antibody	classical
The _____ pathway is Activated when components of the complement pathway recognize and bind to pathogen membranes	alternative
The _______ pathway is quicker in response than the ______ pathways.	Alternative, classical
In the ________ pathway, mannose binding proteins (lectins) must bind to mannose residues on the surface of pathogens in order for the pathway to proceed	lectin
__________ ______ are short proteins of 15 – 20 amino acids	Antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptides are able to insert themselves into _____________ membranes to kill microbes	prokaryotic
Defensin, magainins, protegrins are all examples of _________ _______	antimicrobial peptides
Put the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: 1: engulfment 2: killing and destruction of bacterial cells 3: phagosome formation 4: adhesion of bacteria 5: release of residual debris 6: chemotaxis by phagocyte 7: phagolysosome formation	6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 2, 5

Created by: bethany.metzger

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