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Sputum Bowl
Practice Question
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three sections of the pharynx? | Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) |
| What is the total cross-sectional area of the pulmonary precapilliary arterioles? | 400 cm 2 |
| What phenomenon is responsible for ventilatory limitation that occurs when exercising to the level that the ventilation required a greater than the maximum sustained ventilatory capacity (MSVC)? | Ventilatory muscle fatigue. |
| What is tranairway pressure? | Mouth pressure- alveolar pressure |
| What is the term for the area where the trachea bifurcates into left and right mainstem bronchi? | The carina |
| The trachea is supported by hoe many C-shaped cartilages? | 16 to 20 |
| What are the three major layers of the tracheobronchial wall? | Epithelial lining, laminar propria, cartilagenous layer |
| Resting Co2 output is about 240 ml/min. How high can it go in a moderately fit subject during exercise? | About 3,000 ml/min |
| According to P&K, the adult normal respiratory rate ranges from 10-20 BPM and averages 16 BPM in men. What is the average respiratory rate for women? | 18 |
| What is the meaning of the acronym COP? | Colloid osmotic pressure |
| What is the meaning of the acronym SOD? ( it's an enzyme) | Superoxide dismutase |
| What usually happens to ventilation as a result of regional reduction or cessation of pulmonary blood flow? | Decreased ventilation to the corresponding region |
| What enzyme acts on membrane- bound phospholipid to produce arachidonic acid | Phospholipase A2 |
| What minute ventilation increase would someone have to have to reduce his PCO2 from 40 torr to 8 torr? | Five fold increase in VA |
| What percent of bradykinin is inactivated by passage through the lung? | Up to 80% |
| What do you call direct vascular connections between bronchial and pulmonary arteries? | Bronchopulmonary arterial anastomoses |
| In a healthy adult, what maximal negative intrapleural pressure may be generated during forced inspiration against a closed glottis? | -50 cmH20 |
| What is the maximal peak flow that can be achieved through nasal breathing? | 1.5 to 2 L/s |
| how much of the total 42 liters of body water is in the form of intracellular fluid and how much is in extracellular fluid? | ICF=2/3 o 28 L, ECF = 1/3 or 14 L |
| Describe what the term "recruitment of capillaries" does to overall pulmonary vascular resistance. | It lower PVR by involving more capillaries in circulation |
| What are the two reasons why the diffusing capacity of the lung increases during exercise? | Increase in diffusing capacity of the membrane (known as DM) increase in volume of blood in the capillaries (known as VC) |
| Innervation of the diaphragm in the dog is where? | 4" to 6" cervical nerves |
| Name three possible mechanisms that cause airways to constrict. | Parasympathetic (cholinergic) stimulation, alpha- sympathetic stimulation, beta- receptor blockade |
| What controls Ca+ levels in serum? | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D |
| Patients with increased PTH have what? | Hypercalcemia |
| What is the anion gap? | The difference between the commonly measured cation and anions |
| According to Farzan, where does the lower respiratory tract begin? | At the carina |
| What is the most common stain used in the determination of the WBC differential? | Wright's stain |
| What are the three chemical components that make up an ATP molecule? | Adenine, Ribose, Phosphates |
| The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, and the larynx. What are the four important functions that the upper respiratory tract performs? | Conducts respiratory gases, defense mechanism for the lungs, humidify inspired gases, heat exchange |
| What proportion of the total mechanical work for one breath is attributable to elastic forces in a normal individual? | About 2/3 |
| A patient's ventilatory demand is primarily determined by what three factors? | Metabolic rate (CO2 production), CNS drive, ventilatory deadspace |
| The pulmonary lymphatic system has been subdivided into two parts on the basis to location, the superficial plexus and the deep plexus. Where are each of the subdivisions located? | Superficial plexus is in the visceral pleura, deep plexus is in the connective tissue surrounding the airways and blood vessels of the lung |
| What is the height and weight of normal lungs at end exhalation? | 24 cm, 900-1000 g |
| What cartilages sit posteriorly a top the cricoid cartilage? | Arytenoids |
| What is the half life of transferrin? | 8- 10 days |
| The epiglottis is attache anteriorly to the hyoid bone by what ligament | Hyoepiglottic ligament |
| Name 5 potential mechanisms for accumulation of pleural fluid. | 1. Increased hydrostatic pressure in microvascular circulation 2. Decreased osmotic pressure in microvascular 3. Decreased pressure in pleural space ( total lung collapse) 4. Increased microvascular permeability 5. Impaired lymphatic drainage 6. Move |
| The lymphatics are responsible for what percent of pleural fluid absorption? | 90% |
| How much water do the kidney excrete each day and how much Na+ does it contain? | 1500 ml, 50 mEq Na + ( 40 mEq Cl+) |
| In a healthy adult, what maximal intrapleural pressure may be generated during forced exhalation? | +70 cmH2O ( 51.47 mmHg) |
| Of what two substances in heme composed? | Porophyrin and iron atoms |
| What organ is first affected by altitude sickness? | The brain |
| Approximately how much water can collect in the interstitial space before peripheral edema is clinically evident? | 5 liters |
| What nerve provides the primary motor innervation to the larynx? | Recurrent laryngeal nerve- branch of the vagus |
| How is the predicted maximum heart rate determined? | 220 BPM- age |
| What is the normal value of Reynold's number in terminal bronchioles? | One |
| There is only a small ventilatory response to low arterial blood PO2 until it falls below what level? | 50 torr |
| In a healthy adult, breathing spontaneously, what proportion of the work of breathing can be attributed to the elastic forces opposing ventilation? | About 2/3 |
| What is the estimate of the total number of alveolar macrophages in the lungs? | 600 million |
| how long does it usually take a reticulocyte to mature into an erythrocyte? | 1-2 days |
| Name the two muscles that form the diaphragm? | Costal, crural |
| Name the two branches of the left coronary artery? | Anterior interventricular, circumflex |
| Carbonic anhydrase is located in the RBC and as a result of its presence, large quantities of HCO3 are produced there, most of which diffuses into the plasma. What colorful term describes the movement of the Cl- into the RBC to maintain electrostatic equi | Hamburger phenomenon |
| In ml O2/kg body weight/min, what is the normal resting O2 consumption? | 3-3.5 |
| What term is used to define the effect of CO2 or [H+] on the uptake and release of O2 from Hb? | Bohr effect |
| What is the approximate diameter of the canals of Lambert? | 30 um |
| In mEq/L, what is the total buffer base in the body? | 54+or- 2 mEq/L |
| What segment of the population normally tends to use costal breathing rather than diaphragmatic? | Females |
| According to P&K, what PaO2 is required for 100% saturation? | 150 mmHg |
| What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration? | Increase both the lateral and anteroposterior diameters of the thorax. |
| What is the origin and insertion of the scalene muscles? | Origin- transverse process of C2-C6 insertion- 1st and 2nd ribs |
| What is the transpulmonary pressure? | Mouth pressure- inrapleural pressure |
| Give two other terms that have the same meaning as the term " Starling resistor"? | Sluice and Waterfall effect |
| Normal subjects who are born and remain at high altitude exhibit what pulmonary vascular resistance? | Twice that of age- matched sea level residents |
| To distinguish it form the osmotic pressure generated by electrolytes, what is the pressure called that is exerted by albumin and other macromolecules? | Oncotic pressure |
| What are the two major prtions of the diaphragm? | The costal protion |
| Name a neuropeptide that acts on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle? | Vasointestinal peptide ( VIP), neuropeptideV |
| Before the beginning of inspiration at FRC, what are the alveolar and pleural pressure respectively? | 0 and -5 cmH2O |
| Define " transrespiratory" pressure? | Difference between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure |
| Given an FI02 =.21, a PCO2=40 and normal temp at seal level, what is the calculated value for PAN2? | 573 torr |
| What percent of the total surfactant phospholipids does dipalmitoyl phosphatidalcholine comprise? | 75 % |
| If a lysome fused with a vacuole, what would you call the structure? | Phagolysosome ( Phagosome) |
| What are the two coenzymes that are reduced in the Kreb's cycle and oxidized in the elctron transport chain? | FAD+ and NAD+ |
| In cardiac microanatomy, what are the repeated structures, 1.5 to 2.5 um in size, called? | Sacromeres |
| What substance is the primary intracellular antioxidant that protects cells against oxygen toxicity? | Glutathione |
| In what percent of the normal population is adequate collateral circulation through the ulnar artery absent? | 3 to 5 % |
| What is the source of blood flow that goes through the vaso vasorum of the pulmonary arteries? | The bronchial arteries |
Created by:
PimaRespHouston