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A&P Midterm
Units 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which layer of the skin is composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Epidermis |
| The process of keratinization involves | cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin. |
| The stratum lucidum | is present only in thick skin. |
| Which layer of the epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes? | Stratum basale |
| Which pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light? | Melanin |
| The alternate name for the stratum basale, the stratum __________, suggests its role in forming new cells. | germinativum |
| Which layer consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. | stratum corneum |
| Which of the following is not a correct statement about melanin? | melanin is necessary for the production of vitamin D by the skin |
| Which epidermal layer marks the transition between metabolically active cells of lower layers and the dead layers of keratinocytes of the upper layers. | stratum granulosum |
| Langerhans cells are part of the skin's immune defenses and activate other immune cells when the skin is invaded by microbes. Which layer of the epidermis contains Langerhans cells? | stratum spinosum |
| The amount and kind of melanin present in the cortex and medulla of a hair shaft determines hair color. When melanin is replaced by air bubbles in the shaft, which is the resulting hair color? | white |
| Which of the following is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts? | Sebum |
| This is fine non-pigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus. | Lanugo |
| Actual growth of the nail occurs in the __________ . | nail matrix |
| Characteristics of thick skin include: | All of these choices are correct. |
| Along with sweating, which other responses by skin assists with thermoregulation? | blood vessels near the skin can dilate, increasing blood flow and heat loss |
| Vitamin D, following activation in the skin, is converted to the hormone calcitriol by enzymes in the liver and kidneys. People in northern climates who may not get adequate sun exposure can become deficient in vitamin D. What mineral would be especially | calcium |
| When an epidermal wound begins the healing process, basal cells migrate away from the basement membrane, enlarge, and migrate to fill in the wounded area. As these cells migrate from different sides of the wound, and reach each other, they stop migrating. | contact inhibition |
| Which of the following terms refers to reddened, elevated, and itchy patches of skin commonly caused by emotional stress, physical trauma, or certain food allergies? | hives |
| Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic contribution of skin? | Help activate vitamin B |
| Which of the following substances are stored in the structure of adult bones for use by other tissues in the body? | more than one of these substances is stored in bone |
| Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones? | epiphysis |
| What is the region of long bone found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis called? | metaphysis |
| What structure in the diagram is the only place on a long bone NOT covered by the periosteum? | all of these |
| Which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells? | osteogenic cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes |
| Once osteoblasts have surrounded themselves with the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, they remain inside little chambers called __________ where they carry on the metabolic functions that maintain bone tissue. At this point, the cells are called osteo | lacunae |
| Like other _____, bone tissue contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells. | connective tissues |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture? | fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling |
| What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called? | canaliculi |
| What are bone-dissolving cells called? | osteoclasts |
| Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell? | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes |
| Which is secreted by osteoblasts during bone deposition? | collagen fibers |
| Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification? | Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum. |
| The process of bone formation is referred to as ____. | ossification |
| Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is FALSE? | It occurs at a faster rate in compact bone than spongy bone. |
| When bones increase in thickness (diameter) as an individual grows to adulthood, which tissue or cells of the bone begin this growth process? | cells of the periosteum differentiating into osteoblasts |
| An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does t | comminuted fracture |
| Which is not a function of calcium in the body? | epithelium function |
| An increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones? | calcitonin and calcitriol |
| Which of the following hormones is the most important for Ca2+ regulation? | parathyroid hormone |
| Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the mos | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights? | all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient |
| With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor? | with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true? | The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles. |
| The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles. | Sphenoid |
| Which is not part of the axial skeleton? | Clavicle |
| Which following types of bone is the occipital bone? | Flat bone |
| Which of the following is not a hole or other kind of opening through a bone? | fossa |
| The bone surface marking that allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves is a: | fissure |
| An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a | foramen |
| A prominent ridge or elongated projection on a bone is called a | crest |
| Which lacks a paranasal sinus? | mandible |
| As the spinal cord exits the cranium, it passes through a large opening in the occipital bone called the __________. | foramen magnum |
| Which of following facial bones is a single (unpaired) bone in the human skull? | mandible |
| Which of the listed cranial bones contain the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible? | Temporal |
| Which cranial bone is anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones and contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve? | Ethmoid |
| Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? | Occipital |
| Which of the bones below is not part of a pair of bones? | sphenoid |
| Which cranial or facial bone has the cribriform plate, a porous structure through which the olfactory nerves pass into the nasal cavity? | ethmoid bone |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of fontanels? | fontanels are important areas where oxygen can pass through to the developing brain in infancy |
| Which bones form the zygomatic arch? | temporal and zygomatic |
| Sella turcica is a bony depression found in this cranial bone. | Sphenoid |
| Which bone of the axial skeleton does NOT articulate with any other bone? | Hyoid |
| Joe was found dead. His hyoid bone was broken. What was the most likely cause of death? | Strangulation |
| What is the purpose of the nucleus pulposus region of intervertebral discs? | To help absorb vertical shock to the spinal column |
| Ribs that have costal cartilage that attaches directly to the sternum are called | true ribs. |
| Which list shows the correct structural elements of the thoracic cage? | ribs, sternum, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae |
| Which gender shows the coccyx pointed inferiorly? | Females |
| There are several types of abnormal curvatures of the spinal column. Some of them are exaggerations of the normal curve. Kyphosis is an exaggeration of a curve that gives the person a hunchbacked appearance. You sometimes see this hump in elderly women wi | thoracic |
| Which of the following bone markings on the scapula is an indentation into which the head of the humerus fits? | Glenoid cavity |
| The glenohumeral joint is formed by articulation of the | humerus and scapula. |
| The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the | radius |
| The medial and lateral epicondyles are found on the distal end of the humerus and are used for | tendon attachment. |
| The longest and largest bone of the upper limb is the __________ . | humerus |
| In the image below, which of the labeled features forms the prominence (point) of the elbow? | olecranon |
| olecranon | Joins the shafts of two bones |
| Which of the following bones of the wrist is more likely to be fractured when a person puts out their hand to break their fall? | scaphoid |
| How many phalanges are in each hand? | 14 |
| Which of the following bones is the largest of the three bones that make up the hip bone? | ilium |
| Which bones form the acetabulum? | 123 |
| The obturator foramen is the largest foramen in the body, but is nearly completely closed by the obturator membrane (but nerves and blood vessels are still able to pass through). This foramen is formed by which structures of the pelvic girdle? | the ischium and pubis |
| The coxal bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the | pubic symphysis. |
| Which of the following is the largest foramen in the human skeleton? | Obturator foramen |
| The boundary between the true pelvis and the false pelvis is the | pelvic brim |
| In the standard anatomical position, the _____ is the bone of the pelvis found the most superior. | Ilium |
| Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the male and female pelves? | The female pelvic inlet is heart-shaped and smaller than that of the male, which is larger and more oval. |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the lower limb, from proximal to distal ends? | femur, patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| Which bony landmark can be felt and seen, and is commonly used to help determine where to give an intramuscular injection on the lateral surface of the thigh? | the greater trochanter |
| The medial and lateral condyles are distal features of which bone of the lower limb? | femur |
| Most people can see and feel the bony prominences on the medial and lateral sides of the ankles. What bone features and bones form these two prominences? | the medial malleolus of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus of the fibula |
| The arches of the foot: | are formed by metatarsal and tarsal bones. |
| The hard sharp ridge of the shin that can easily be felt below the skin is the | anterior border (crest) of the tibia. |
| The lateral malleolus is found on the distal end of what bone? | Fibula |
| Study the image below. Which of the following tarsal bones transfers the weight of the body to the other bones of the foot? | Tarsals |
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