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Stack #2547134
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 4 Cross-Cultural Literacy | Understanding how the culture of a country affects the way business is practiced |
| Culture | A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living |
| Values | Abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable |
| Norms | Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations |
| Society | Group of people who share a common set of values and norms |
| Folkways | Routine conventions of everyday life |
| Mores | Norms seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life |
| Social Structure | The basic social organization of a society |
| Group | An association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behaviour |
| Social Strata | Hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income |
| Social Mobility | The extent to which individuals can move out of the social strata into which they are born |
| Caste System | A system of social stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime |
| Class System | A system of social stratification in which social status is determined by the family into which a person is born and by subsequent socioeconomic achievements; mobility between classes is possible |
| Religion | A system of shared beliefs and rituals concerned with the realm of the sacred |
| Ethical Systems | A coherent collection of beliefs about the right way to behave in a society |
| Power Distance | Theory of how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. High power distance cultures are found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth; low power distan |
| Individualism vs. Collectivism | Theory focusing on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows; in individualistic societies, the ties between individuals are loose and individual achievement is highly valued; |
| Individualism vs. Collectivism | in societies where collectivism is emphasized, ties between individuals are tight, people are born into collectives, such as extended families, and everyone is supposed to look after the interests of his or her collective |
| Christianity | The most widely practice religion with 20% worlds people identify as Christians. Roman Catholocs accounts for more than half. |
| Islam | second largest of worlds major religion |
| Hinduism | Worlds oldest religion |
| Power distance | dimension focused on how society deals with the facts that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities |
| Uncertainty Avoidance | Extent to which cultures socialise members to accept ambiguous situations and to tolerate uncertainity |
| Masculinity vs. Feminity | Theory of the relationship between gender and work roles. In masculine cultures, sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional "masculine values" such as achievement and the effective exercise of power determine cultural ideals; |
| Masculinity vs. Feminity | n feminine cultures, sex roles are less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation is made between men and women in the same job |
| Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation | The theory of the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratifications of their material, social, and emotional needs. It captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, |
| long-term vs. Short-term Orientation | protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors |
| Ethnocentrism | Behaviour that is based on the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture; often shows disregard or contempt for the culture of other countries |
| The nature of social culture and its business implications practice. Culture is complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals,law,customs and other capabilities acquired by people as members of society | Values and norm are the central components of culture. Values are abstract ideals about what a society believes to be good, right and desirable. Norms are social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations |
| Values and norm are influenced by political and economic philosophy, social structure, religion language and education. | the social structure of a society refers to its basic social organization. Two main dimensions along which social sructures differs are the individual-group dimension and the stratification dimension |
| in some societies, the individual is the basic building block of social organization. These societies emphasize individual achievements above all else. | in other societies , the group is the basic building block of social organization. These societies emphasize group membership and group achievements above all else. |
| All societies are stratified into different classes. Class-conscious societies are characterized by low social mobility and a high degree of stratification. - | Less class conscious societies are characterized by high mobility and a low degree of stratification. |
| religion may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that is concerned with the real of the sacred. Ethical systems refer to a set of moral principles or value used to guide and shape behavior. | The worlds major religion are Christianity , Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. Although is not a religion. Confucianism has an impact that is profound as other religions. |
| The value systems of different religious and ethical systems have different implications for business practice. | Language is one defining characteristic of a culture. It has both spoken and unspoken dimensions. In countries more languages spoken , there tend to be more than 1 culture. |
| Formal education is the medium through which individuals learn skills and are socialized into values and norms of a society. Education plays an important role n the determination of national competitive advantage. | Geert Hofstded studied how culture relates to values in the workplace. He isolated four dimensions that he claimed summarized different cultures: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism and masculinity versus femininity. |
| Culture is not a constant, it evolves. Economic progress and globalization seem to be tow important engines of cultural change. | One danger confronting a company that goes abroad fir the first time is being ill-informed. To develop cross-cultural literacy, international business needs to employ host-country nationals, build a cadre of cosmopolitan executives and guard- (continue) |
| The value systems and norms of a country can affect the cost of doing business in that country. | continue- against the dangers of ethnocentric behaviors. |
Created by:
Syl593