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NPTE Neuro Anatomy
Neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the components of the CNS? | 1) Brain - forebrain (prosencephalon) - midbrain (mesencephalon) - hindbrain (rhombencephalon) 2) Brain stem 3) Spinal Cord |
| What is Grey Matter made up of? | unmyelinated neurons - contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, dendrites |
| What is White Matter made up of? | myelinated axons - contains nerve fibers without dendrites |
| What many vertebraes are there compared to Spinal nerves? | - 33 vertebrae - 31 Spinal Nerves |
| What is the difference beween the neurotransmitters in the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic division? | - Sympathetic division: Norepinephrine NT = stimulating - Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine NT = inhibitory |
| What is the biggest difference between the Autonomic and Somatic NS processes? | ANS is automatic while SNS is voluntary |
| Name some Autonomic NS disorders | constipation, erectile dysfunction, Horner's syndrome, vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypothension, postural tachycardia syndrome |
| What is Vasovagal syncope? | A sudden drop in HR and BP leading to FAINTING, often in reaction to a stressful trigger. |
| What is the Left side of the brain hemisphere responsible for? | Logic, language, sequence/perform movement, POSITIVE emotions |
| What is the Right side of the brain hemisphere responsible for? | nonverbal processing, spatial/kinesthetic awareness, hand-eye coordination, comprehension of concepts , NEGATIVE emotions |
| What is the function of the Frontal lobe of the brain? | voluntary movement, intellect, orientation - Broca's Area: SPEECH/CONCENTRATION - personality - judgement and reasoning |
| What are possible impairments if the Frontal lobe is damaged? | - Contralateral weakness (MOTOR), - inattention / poor concentration - personality changes - Broca's aphasia - emotional instability |
| What is the function of the Parietal lobe of the brain? | Touch, temperature, vibration, Kinesthesia/spatial/visual perception, - interprets languages and words - provide meaning for objects |
| What are possible impairments if the Parietal lobe is damaged? | - dominant hemisphere (usually left): agraphia, alexia, agnosia - non-dom hemisphere (usually R): dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia - contralateral SENSORY deficits - impaired language comprehension - impaired taste |
| What is the function of the Temporal lobe of the brain? | Auditory processing and olfaction (SMELL) - Wernicke''s area (left): understand/produce meaningful words |
| What are possible impairments if the Temporal lobe is damaged? | - learning deficits - Wernicke's aphasia - antisocial, aggressive - issues with interpreting other's emotions/reaction - issues with memory |
| What is the function of the Occipital lobe of the brain? | Visual - judgement of distance |
| What are possible impairments if the Occipital lobe is damaged? | - homonymous hemianopsia (loss of same half of field on both eyes - impaired eye muscle movement |
| What is the the role of the Hippocampus? | memory |
| What is the role of the Basal Ganglia? | voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, control of motor response |
| What are conditions associated with the dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia? | Parkinson's, Huntington's, Tourettes, ADD, OCD, additions |
| Generally what deficits will a Frontal lobe lesion produce and what modifications to therapy are appropriate? | - Deficits: paralysis, apraxia, loss of execute function, goal directed behaviors - Mod: response to uninhibited ,distracted, poor judgement behavior |
| Generally what deficits will a Parietal lobe lesion produce and what modifications to therapy are appropriate? | - Deficits: somatosensory , interpretation, perception - Mod: for movement planning, |
| Generally what deficits will a Temporal lobe lesion produce and what modifications to therapy are appropriate? | - Deficits: language, memory - Mod: more kinesthetic approach, relying on demonstration |
| Generally what deficits will a Occipital lobe lesion produce and what modifications to therapy are appropriate? | - Deficits: visual - Mod: avoid diagrams, written material, reading |
| What is the role of the Thalamus? What happens if its damaged? | relay/processing station for info that goes to cerebral cortex - damaged = thalamic pain syndrome on contralateral side |
| What is the role of the Hypothalamus? What happens if its damaged? | receives and integrates info from ANS and assists in hormone regulation - damage = obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temp control, diaetes |
| What is the role of the Midbrain? | reflex center for visual, auditory, tactile responses |
| What is the role of the Cerebellum? | fine tuning of movement and assists with posture and balance by controlling muscle tone - controls ability to perform rapid alternating movements |
| What is the role of the Pons? | regulation of respiration rate, orientation of head |
| What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata? | regulation of respiration rate and HR - reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing - Damage will causes issues with CONTRALATERAL impairments |
| What are the three structures of the Brainstem? What is its main role? | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata - role: PRIMITIVE FUNCTION = HR, breathing rate |
| What predictable impairments can result from damage to the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) ? | paraplegia, incontinence, aphasia, front lobe symptoms (personality changes, akinetic mutism/conscious unresponsiveness) |
| What predictable impairments can result from damage to the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) ? | contralateral hemiplegia and sensory impairment - if in dominate area (L) => global, Wernicke's or Broca's Aphasia |
| What predictable impairments can result from damage to the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) ? | Thalamic pain syndrome and cortical blindness - TPS: abnormal sense of pain, temp, touch, proprioception |
| What predictable impairments can result from damage to the Vertebral-Basilar Artery (VBA)? | locked in syndrome, coma, Wallenberg syndrome - WBS: Ispilateral facial pain, ataxia, vertigo, Contralateral pain and thermal impairment |
| What are signs and symptoms of Meningitis? | - fever/headache/vomiting - c/o stiff, painful neck (nuchal rigidity) - pain in lumbar area and posterior thigh - Brudzinski's sign (flex neck = hip/knee flex) - Kernig's Sign (pain w/ hip flex + knee ext) - sensitive to light |
| What layer withing the Dural space is CSF contained in? | Subarachnoid space |
| What is Syringomyelia and how is it different than Hydrocephalus? | - Syringomyelia = excessive CSF in spinal cord - Hydrocephalus = excessive CSF in brain (ventricles) |
| What are signs and symptoms of Hydrocephalus or a blocked shunt? | - enlarged head/bulging fontanelles in infants - headaches or vomiting - changes in vision, behavior, appetite - seizures - "sun setting" sign or downward deviations of eyes - incontinence |
| What is the role of the posterior/dorsal column? | Ascending sensory tract, vibration, 2 point discrimination , graphesthesia |
| What is the role of the spinocerebellar tract (dorsal and ventral)? | Ascending sensory tract for ipsilateral proprioception, tension in muscles, joint sense, posture of trunk, UE, LE |
| What is the role of the Anterior Spinothalamic Tract? | Ascending sensory tract for Light Touch and Pressure |
| What is the role of the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract? | Ascending sensory tract for Pain and Temperature. |
| What is the role of the Anterior Corticospinal Tract? | Descending MOTOR tract for Ipsilateral voluntary, discrete, skilled movements |
| What is the role of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract? | Descending MOTOR tract for Contralateral voluntary fine movements |
| What is and what effects would occur with Brown Sequards Syndrome? | Def:incomplete lesion that causes hemisection of spinal cord - paralysis and loss of vib sense/position IPSILATERALLY -damage to corticospinal tracts and dorsal column - loss of pain and temp CONTRALATERALLY - damage to lateral spinothalamic tract |
| Where does the sympathetic nerves originate from in the PNS? | lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord |
| Where does the parasympathetic nerves originate from in the PNS? | lateral gray matter of the sacral level of the spinal cord and brain |
| What is Saltatory Conduction? | an action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node, between Nodes of Ranvier - decreases use of Na Ka pumps and increases speed of conduction |
| what are the four types of A Fibers? | 1) Alpha 2) Beta 3) Gamma 4) Delta |
| What is the role of Alpha A Fibers? | motor neurons, muscle spindles, primary endings, golgi tendons, touch |
| What is the role of Beta A Fibers? | touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary |
| What is the role of Gamma A Fibers? | touch, pressure, gamma motor neurons |
| What is the role of Delta A Fibers? | PAIN, touch, pressure, temp |
| What is the difference between A /B/ C Fibers? | 1) A Fibers = large, myelinated, high conduction rate 2) B Fibers = medium, myelinated, semi fast rate, pre-ganglionic fibers of ANS 3) C Fibers = small, poor/unmyelinated, slow rate, POST-ganglionic fibers, exteroceptors for PAIN/TEMP/TOUCH |
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xieude000