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Psych Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology is the study of behavior and | Mental Process |
| Applied research studies __________ | behavior in order to find a solution to a specific problem |
| Social/cognitive thoerists focus on the role of ________ and behavior. | thinking |
| Critical thinking id important because: | Provides people with life skills |
| Someone saying "I know this is true because Dr. Paul says that it is true" is using the fallacy of argument-appeals to fore is. T/F? | False |
| The scientific method is an organized way of using experience and __________ to increase knowledge | testing ideas |
| A specific statement about behavior that will be tested through research is called: | Hypothesis |
| In our discussion about the effects of alcohol on aggressive behavior, the measured outcomes are called: | dependent variable |
| In a double-blind study the researched know who is receiving the treatment: T/F? | False |
| The most important factor in selecting a sample is what it should: | represent the target population |
| Neurons communicate through chemicals called: | neurotransmitters |
| The myelin sheath is composed/supported by the trace mineral: | magnesium |
| The junction where neurons relay messages to each other is the _____ | synapse |
| With the neurotransmitter serotonin, the trace minerals - calcium and zinc - are primary nutrients. T/F? | False |
| The central nervous system consists of ____ and the ____ | the brain and the spinal cord |
| Our "on and off" switch in our brain is called: | reticular activating system |
| The frontal lobe of our brain is the areas of sensory abilities. T/F? | False |
| Right brain people are: | Creative |
| Our adrenal glands secrete a hormone called ____ which greatly increases our ability to handle stress | cortisol |
| There are 22 pairs of human chromosomes. T/F? | False 23 |
| The weakest stimulus that can be told apart from no stimulus at all is: | absolute threshold |
| The ____ is the most sensitive area of the retina | fovea |
| The photoreceptors in the retina responsible for color vision are: | cones |
| The __________ is the "command post" of hearing and has "dancing hairs" | Organ of Corti |
| This trace mineral is very important for taste: | zinc |
| When we are in pain, the chemical called analgesics facilitate messages to the brain and circulation to the injured area. T/F? | False |
| The ________ tells us if we are upright and are positioned in relation to gravity. | vestibular sense |
| Our periods of wakefulness and sleep are internally regulated and generated by our ______. | circadian rhythm |
| Sigmund Freud labeled mental events that are unavailable to awareness under most circumstances as: | unconscious |
| This state of sleep is called paradoxical sleep and usually occurs when we are dreaming and is called _________. | rapid eye-movement (REM) |
| As we close our eyes and relax, our brain emits: | Alpha Waves |
| Alcohol is a stimulant. T/F? | False |
| Cigarette smoke can have contributions/causations of cancer. | hydrocarbons and cadmium |
| Marijuana is a: | hallucinogenic |
| Pain is an example of: | primary negative reinforcer |
| In Pavlov's experiment, salivation in response to the meat was a: | unconditioned response |
| In observational learning the process of ___________ is displayed. | vicarious learning |
| The first stage of information processing is _____________. | encoding |
| Saccadic eye movement | the rapid jumps made by a person's eyes as they fixate on different points |
| Echo | a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory. |
| Echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly hold mental representations of auditory stimuli |
| Short-term memory | the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after that trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory |
| Working memory | same as short term memory |
| Primacy effect | the tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items |
| Recency effect | the tendency to recall the last items in a series of items |
| Schema | a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation that can influence perception of person, objects, and situations. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | relating new material to well-known material |
| Flashbulb memory | a memory that is highly detailed and strongly emotionally elaborated because of its great and unusual significance. |
| Tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT) | The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling of knowing experience... |
| Interference theory | The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it |
| Retroactive interference | The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously |
| Proactive interference | The interference of all learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently |
| Retrograde amnesia | Failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma |
| Engram | In assumed electrical Circuit in the brain that corresponded to a memory trace |
| Long term potentiation (LTP) | Enhanced efficiency and a synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation |
| Hippocampus | A structure in the limbic system that plays in important role in the formation of new memories |
| Anterograde amnesia | Failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because the effects of the trauma |
| Infantile amnesia | Inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of three or so also called childhood amnesia |
| Thinking | Paying attention to information, mentally representing it, reasoning about it, and making decisions about it |
| Mental image | And internal image or visual representation that is used in thinking and memory |
| Mental set | The tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems |
| Insight | In Gestalt psychology, a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution |
| Incubation | And problem-solving, a process that may sometimes occur when we stand back for my frustrating problem for a while in the solution "suddenly" Appears |
| Functional fixedness | The tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage |
| Representativeness heuristic | A decision making heuristic in which people make judgments about samples according to the populations they appear to represent |
| Availability heuristics | A decision making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples |
| Anchoring and adjustment heuristic | A decision making heuristic in which a presumption our first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor. As we receive additional information, we make adjustments adjustments but tend to remain in the proximity of the anger |
| Psycholinguistic theory | The view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental factors and in inborn tendency to acquire language |
| Language acquisition device (LAD) | In psycholinguistic Theory, neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar |
| Creativity | The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems |
| The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale | In 1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon and friends introduced the idea of measuring intelligence. This version of the test was produced in 1937 by Lewis Terman and Maude Merrill in the United States and was specifically designed for younger children. |
| Reliability | The consistency of a method of measurements, as, for example, shown by obtaining similar scores on different testing locations |
| Validity | The extent to which a method of measurement measures what is supposed to be measured, as, for example, shown by the extent to which test scores print it or are related to an external standard. In the case of intelligent test, the external standard might i |
| Heritability | The degree to which the variations in a treat from one person to another may be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors |
| Drive | A condition of arousal and an organism that is associated with a need |
| Incentive | And object, a person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need or is desirable for its own sake |
| Motivation | The state in which an organism experiences inducement or incentive to do something |
| Motive | A hypothetical state with in an organism that propels The organism toward a goal |
| Homeostasis | The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state |
| Hierarchy of needs | Maslow' ordering of needs from most basic two most elaborate and sophisticated |
| Self actualization | Self initiated striving to become what One is capable of being. The motive for reaching ones for potential, for expressing one's unique capabilities |
| Hyperphagic | Characterized by excessive eating |
| Anorexia nervosa | A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss been a distorted body image |
| Bulimia nervosa | And eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging |
| Longitudinal Research | The study of Developmental processes by taking repeated measures of the same group of people of various stages of development |
| Cross selectional research | The study of developmental processes by taking measures of people of different age groups at the same time |
| Cohort effect | Similarities in behavior among peers that stems from the fact that group members are approximately the same age |
| NeoNate | A newly born child, especially during the first month |
| Zygote | Be fertilized ovam (egg cell) |
| Period of the ovum | Another term for the Germinal stage |
| Embryonic stage | The baby from the third through the eighth week following conception, during which time the major organ systems undergo rapid deformation |
| Maturation | The process of development of guided by the unfolding of the genetic code |
| Androgens | Male sex organs |
| Amniotic stage | A sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus |
| Placenta | A membrane that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between a mother and her developing child but does not allow the maternal are fetal bloodstreams to mix |
| Umbilical cord | A tube between a mother and her developing child through which nutrients and waste products are conducted |
| Fetal stage | The baby from the third month following conception through childbirth, during which time there is maturation of organ systems and dramatic games in length and weight |
| Imprinting | A process occurring during a critical period in the development of an organism, and which that organism response to a stimulus in a matter that will afterword be difficult to modify |
| Authoritative parents | Parents who are strict and warm. Authoritative parents demand what's your behavior but use reason rather than force and discipline; most effective type of parenting |
| Authoritarian parents | Parents who are rigid and the rules and who demand obedience for the sake of obedience |
| Adolescence egocentrism | Adolescence inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality; adolescence inability to understand that other people go through the same experiences as them.. you just don't underst |
| Ego identity versus role diffusion | Erickson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, in which the life crisis involves the development of a firm sense of who one is in what one stands for (ego identity) or lack of clarity and one's life roles (role diffusion) |
| Identity diffusion | In Marcia's system, lack of a sense of who one is a wet one stands for, with no active exploration |
| Identity achievement | In Marcia's System, and identity status that characterizes those who have explored alternatives and have developed commitments |
| Intimacy versus isolation | Erikson's Life crisis of early adulthood, which is characterized by the task of developing abiding intimate relationships, without losing sense of self |
| Midlife crisis | A crisis experienced by many people during the midlife transition when they realize that life may be more than halfway over and reassesses their achievements in terms of their dreams |
| Free radicals | Free radicals are produced during metabolism by oxidation, possibly damaging cell proteins, membranes, and DNA. Antioxidants destroy free radicals |
| Alzheimer's disease | A progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problems solving, and other cognitive functions... plaque in teeth |
| Ego integrity versus despair | Erickson's term for the crisis of late adulthood, characterized by the task of maintaining one's sense of identity despite physical deterioration |
| Successful aging | Physical, mental and social well-being in older age |
| The five stages of death and dying | Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, final acceptance |
| Pleasure principle | The governing principle of the ID â the seeking of immediate gratification of instinctive needs |
| Reality principle | Consideration of what is practical and possible and gratifying needs; the governing principle of the ego |
| Collective unconscious | Carl Jung's hypothesized store of vague racial memories; primitive images, or archetypes, that reflect the history of our species |
| Self efficacy expectations | Belief to the effect that one can handle a task |
| Unconditional positive regard | An enduring expression of a steam for the essential value of a person |
| Acculturation | The process of adoption in which immigrants in native groups identify with the new, dominant culture by learning about the culture in making behavioral and attitudinal changes |
| 3 A's of motivation | Affiliation, achievement, aggression |
| Mercury toxicity | Prenatal exposure to small amounts of mercury and other heavy metals such as Cadmium and chromium can produce subtle deficits and cognitive functioning and physical health |
| Visual cliff experiment | The role of nonverbal communication in determining a child's behavior in uncertain concepts |
| Assimilation | According to Piaget, The inclusion of a new event into an existing schema. Is schema is a pattern of action or a metal structure involved in acquiring organizing knowledge |
| Accommodation | According to Piaget, The modification of schemas so that information and consistent with existing schemas can be integrated or understood; creation of new ways of responding to objects are looking at the world |
| Object permanence | Recognition that objects removed from sight still exist, as demonstrated in young children by continued pursuit; objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed |
| Scaffolding | The temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to a child who is learning to perform a task |
| The preconventional level | According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments are based largely on expectation of rewards or punishments; applies to most children through about the age of nine |
| Conventional level | According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments largely reflect social conventions; a "law and order" approach to morality; right and wrong |
| The postconventional level | Focuses on dilemmas in which individual needs are pitted against the need to maintain the social order in on personal conscience; people who steal experimental animals in order to save the lives even know they are breaking state and federal laws |
| Trust versus mistrust | Erikson's first stage of psychosexual development, during which children do â I do not â come to trust that primary caregivers and the environment will meet their needs |
| Autonomy versus shame and doubt | Erikson's Second stage, during which children seek to develop control over physical functions in achieve a sense of independence |
| What brand of elements take place during adolescence | The frontal lobe of the adolescent brain is still developing |
| Foreclosure | In Marcia's system, the automatic adoption of a point of view held by Authority figures in one's life |
| Moratorium | In Marcia's system, and I Diddy status that characterizes those who are actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to form an identity |
| Menopause | Cessation of ministration |
| Generativity versus stagnation | Erikson's term for the crisis of middle adulthood, characterized by the task of being productive and contributing to younger generations |
| Empty nest syndrome | A sense of depression and loss of purpose felt buy some parents when the youngest child leaves home |
| Moral principle | The governing principle of the super ego, which said small standards and forces adherence to them |
| Sigmund Freud's five periods of psychosexual development | Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| Archetypes | Basic, primitive images are concepts hypothesized to buy Carl Jung to reside in the collective unconscious |
| Humanism | The view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior |
| Existentialism | people are completely free in responsible for their own behavior |
| Self actualization | And humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential |
| Gender schema theory | A concept of the distribution of behavior patterns into feminine and masculine roles that motivate and guy could gender typing of the child |
| Pheromone | A chemical secretion detected by other members of the same species that stimulates a certain kind of behavior |
| Stress | The demand that is made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust |
| Catastrophize | To interpret negative events as been disastrous;"blow out of proportion" |
| Psychological hardiness | Helps people resist stress; commitment, challenge, control; A cluster of traits that buffer stress and are categorized by commitment challenge in control |
| Locus of contrOl | (locus) to Which peeps attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers â either inside or outside the self. Hearty individuals feel and act as though they are influential, rather than helpless, and facing the various rewards and punishments of life |
| General adaptation syndrome | Hans Seyle's Group of bodily changes triggered by stress or's occurring in three stages an alarm reaction, a resistance stage, and in exhaustion stage |
| Immune system | System of the body that recognizes and destroys antigens that invade body |
| PTSD | Tramaua beyond the realm of human extreme.. "not normal"; nightmares and avoid anything that reminds them of the trauma |
| Social anxiety; social phobias | Persistent fears of scrutiny by others or of doing something that will be humiliating or embarrassing |
| Disassociative disorders | Disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness are self identity priorly known as multiple personality disorder |
| Schizophrenia | If psychotic disorder characterized by loss of control over thought processes and inappropriate emotional responses |
| Personality disorders | And during patterns of maladaptive Behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others |
| Paranoid personality disorder's | A personality disorder characterized by persistent suspicious nurse but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia |
| Schizotypal personality disorder | A personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors; indifference to relationships and flat emotional response |
| Schizoid personality disorder | personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal..loners, hostile feelings |
| Borderline personality disorder | Instability in relationships, self image, mood, and lack of impulse control |
| Antisocial personality disorder | The diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflicts with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experience has little or no guilt and exciting. Criminal personalities |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud's its method of psychotherapy |
| Catharsis | The expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them |
| Free association | The uncensored ordering of all thoughts that come to mind |
| Resistance | A tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas â a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression |
| Interpretation | An explanation of a clients utterance according to psychoanalytic theory |
| Transference | Responding to one person in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person in childhood |
| Genuineness | And client centered therapy, openness and honesty and responding to the client |
| Systematic desensitization | Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation |
| Social psychology | The field of psychology that studies the nature and causes of behavior and mental processes in social situations |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | The view that we are motivated to make our cognitions our believes consistent with each other and with our behavior |
| Effort justification | And cognitive dissonance Siri, the tendency to seek justification for strenuous efforts |
| Prejudice | An attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively |
| Recency effect | The tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression |
| Self-serving bias | The tendency to view one successes as stemming from internal factors in once failures as stemming from external factors; I got a good grade because I studied I got a bad grade because the teacher hates me |
| Diffusion of responsibility | Spreading or sharing of responsibility for a decision or behavior within a group |
| Groupthink | Process in which group members are influenced by cohesiveness and a dynamic leader to ignore external realities as they make decisions |
| Deindividuation | The process by which group members may discontinue self-evaluation And adopt group norms in attitudes |
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wofford3235