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BIO FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compare and contrast anaphase 1 and 2 | In anaphase 2 centromeres split. In anaphase 1 homologous pairs split, whereas in anaphase 2 sister chromatids split |
| Involved in production of gametes | Meiosis |
| Involved in growth and repair | Mitosis |
| Promotes genetic variation in organisms | Meiosis |
| Consists of one nuclear division | Mitosis |
| Produces daughter cells that're genetically identical | Mitosis |
| Involves two sets of nuclear divisions | Meiosis |
| Produces daughter cells that aren't identical | Meiosis |
| Involves synapsis of homologous chromosomes | Meiosis |
| Occurs during asexual reproduction | Mitosis |
| Results in four haploid gametes | Meiosis |
| Also called reduction division | Meiosis |
| Three major differences between asexual and sexual reproduction | In asexual reproduction offspring are genetically identical, requires on parent, and goes through the cell cycle twice |
| What is the significance of Mendel's experiments to the study of genetics | We learned about dominant and recessive alleles |
| Law of segregation | States that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis |
| Law of independent assortment | States that a random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation |
| Possible offspring from a punnet square | Homozygous dominant, recessive, or heterozygous |
| How does the process of meiosis produce genetic recombination | Genetic recombination in meiosis is produced by crossing over |
| Why is polyploidy important to the field of agriculture | Polyploidy plants are selected by plant growers for their desirable characteristics |
| How can genetic patterns be analyzed to determine dominant or recessive inheritance patterns | By looking at pedigrees showing past generations |
| Name dominant and recessive disorders | Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, Albinism, Huntington's disease |
| How can human pedigrees be constructed from genetic information | Can be constructed by observing by observing family blood lines phenotypes to determine the genotypes |
| What are the differences between various complex inheritance patterns | Codominance, incomplete dominance, epistasis, and multi[ple alleles |
| How can sex linked inheritance patterns be analyzed | By making and observing a pedigree |
| How can the environment influence the phenotype of organisms | Sunlight, Water and temperature can affect the phenotype of an organism |
| How are karyotypes used to study genetic disorders | Genetic disorders have to do with problems in genes, so observing the genes you could tell if a chromosome was missing or if there was an extra chromosome |
| What is the role of a telomere | Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes |
| How is nondisjunction related to down syndrome | Chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis, Having gametes not have the correct number of chromosomes |
| What are the benefits and risks of diagnostic fetal testing | Fetal tests can provide important information to the parents and doctors, but the risks are many |
| How can gene linkage be used to create chromosome maps | Chromosome maps were created based on linkage of genes on the chromosome |
| Discuss how meiosis relates to Mendel's law of segregation | During metaphase and anaphase when the homologous chromosomes line up and separate at random alignments relative to each other |
| Explain why genes together on the same chromosome are said to be linked | Their alleles tend to be transmitted through meiosis together |
| Deduce how two genes for different traits that are on the same chromosome can fail to be inherited together | Even though they are on the same chromosome they are too far away to be inherited together |
| Define a pedigree | A graph representation of genetics |
| Define codominance | In which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype |
| Describe how environment can influence phenotype | Sunlight will influence possible phenotype |
| Distinguish between polygenic traits and multiple alleles | Polygenic means many pairs of genes, but multiple alleles means more than one allele for a trait |
| Deduce how Huntington's disease can be passed onto offspring even though it is a dominant disorder | Since it is a dominant disorder it affects both males and females allowing it to be passed down to offspring |
| Why is it rare for a woman to be colorblind | Women have two x chromosomes, making it unlikely |
| Evaluate two tests available to evaluate fetal genetics, and conclude which is better | Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are both tests to examine fetal genetics, the best is amniocentesis as it does not risk newborn defects |
| What type of disorder is down syndrome | Trisomy 21, and disorder from an additional chromosome on the 21'st pair |
| Define a telomere | Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes |
| Albinism | Caused by lack of genes, results in skin pigment |
| Galactosemia | Recessive genetic disorder, inability of the body to not digest galactose |
| Tay- Sachs | Recessive genetic disorder, characterized by lack of enzyme that breaks down fatty acids |
| Cystic fibrosis | Recessive genetic disorder, affects mucus producing glands |
| Huntington's disease | Dominant genetic disorder, affects the nervous system |
| Achondroplasia | Autosomal dominant genetic condition, affects height and body size |
| Four principals of Darwin's theory of evolution | Variations are inherited by parents, variation of individuals in a population show, there is more offspring than can survive on availability of food, and variations that lead to reproductive success will be more common in the next generation |
| Compare and contrast artificial and natural selection | Artificial selection is when humans select the traits for a desired outcome, natural selection is the process where organism best adapted to the area evolves |
| Define adaption | Inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance for survival |
| Define mimicry | When an organism has similar traits to a dangerous animal making confusion for predators |
| State the effects of genetic bottlenecks | There is lost of alleles due to size |
| Define punctuated equilibrium | Evolutionary development is marked by episodes of specialization between periods of little or no change |
| Incomplete dominance | Offspring a blend of traits from the parents |
| Complete dominance | Offspring displays characteristics of both parents |
| Which experience led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material | Griffith started the experiments, then Avery contributed to the studies until Hershey and Chase proved DNA was the genetic material |
| What is the basic structure of DNA | Double helix- phosphate, nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar |
| What is the basic structure of eukaryotic chromosomes | DNA, protein |
| What is the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA | Enzymes unzip a molecule of DNA, each strand is a template for base pairs |
| How are leading and lagging strands synthesized differently | The leading strand is synthesized continuously where as the lagging strand is synthesized in short pieces called okazaki fragments |
| How does DNA replication compare in eukaryotes and prokaryotes | Binary fission |
| How are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA involved in transcription and translation of genes | tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes mRNA carries instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes rRNA reads the DNA sequence that plays a structural role in ribosomes |
| What is the role of RNA polymerase in the synthesis of mRNA | Enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis, and binds to a specific section where mRNA will be synthesized |
| How is the code of DNA translated into mRNA and utilized to synthesize a protein | Central dogma |
| How are bacteria able to regulate their genes by two types of operons | Trp operon and lac operon |
| How do eukaryotes regulate the transcription of genes | Transcription enzymes |
| What are various types of mutations | Missense, nonsense, and frameshift |
| Recall what happens to the DNA double helix so DNA polymerase can begin adding nucleotides | The double helix unzips |
| Explain what okazaki fragments are and how they are joined | Short newly synthesized DNA fragments joined by DNA ligase |
| State the central dogma of biology | DNA-RNA-Proteins |
| Differentiate between transcription and translation | Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, which occurs in the nucleus. Translation is the synthesis of proteins from RNA, which occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Explain what hox genes are | Series of genes that control differentiation of cells in an embryo |
| Compare missense and nonsense mutations | Nonsense mutations are caused by a point mutation and cause a stop where there should not be one. A missense mutation is caused by a point mutation and result in different amino acids to be placed in a protein |
| What evidence convinced Darwin that species could change over time | Gradualism, uniformitarianism, and the Galapagos finches |
| What are the four principals on natural selection | Variations inherited by parents, variation of individuals in a population show, more offspring produced than can survive on availability of food, and variation that leads to reproductive success will be more common in the next generation |
| How can natural selection change a population | Natural selection causes animals to adapt to their environment, or die |
| How do fossils provide evidence for evolution | They show how older and and more recent bones have changed to be able to survive in their environment |
| How does morphology provide evidence for evolution | By displaying the form and structure of organisms, and their specific structural features |
| How does biochemistry provide evidence for evolution | Shows that common ancestry can be seen in complex metabolic molecules that many different organisms share |
| What is the Hardy- Weinberg principle | When allelic frequencies remain constant, a population is said to be in genetic equilibrium |
| What patterns can be observed in evolution | Convergent and divergent evolution |
| What factors influence speciation | Allopatric, and sympatric speciation |
| Define taxonomy | The grouping of organisms based on similarities |
| List the different types of characters that can be used to determine species | Physic and structure |
| Clarify why viruses are not classified into domains | They are considered to not be living and are not made up of cells |
| Explain why organisms in domain bacteria and domain archaea were once classified in the same domain | They are both prokaryotes, and with technology lacking we were forced assume that they were similar |
| What are the similarities and differences between Aristotle and Linnaeus's methods of classification | Aristotle and Linnaeus both were able to classify animals, but Linnaeus went into much more depth with his classification and advanced technology over Aristotle |
| Using binomial nomenclature, how are scientific names written | Genus first, species second- written in Latin only the first letter of the genus name is capitalized |
| What are the categories used in biological classification | The taxa used in hierarchical order |
| What are similarities and differences between species concepts | In Aristotle's time, he had limited technology but managed to separate organisms into two groups, plants and animals. Linnaeus had much more advanced technology, and eventually managed to create a system called binomial nomenclature, advancing taxonomy |
| What are the methods used to reveal phylogeny | Constructing patterns of decent |
| How is a cladogram constructed | Starts with the common ancestor, and then breaks off in branches as animals are derived from certain traits |
| What are the major characteristics of the three domains | Eukarya, archaea, and eubacteria are the three domains. These are the broadest of all the taxa |
| What are the differences among the six kingdoms | Among the six kingdoms, they are all truly different in the way they operate in every day life. Plantae for example are the only kingdom to use photosynthesis, and fungi, they decompose |
| How are organisms classified at the kingdom level | Plant, animal, fungi, protista, bacteria, and archaea |
Created by:
danielnichols