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Chapter 17
European Renaissance and Reformation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Humanism? | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. |
| What are some of the characteristics of the “Renaissance man” | The “Renaissance man” was to master almost every field of study, create art, be charming, witty, well educated in the classics, be able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, ride, wrestle and be a great swordsman. |
| How did Italy’s cities help to make it the birthplace of the Renaissance? | Italy’s cities had many sizable towns, which made northern Italy urban while the rest of Europe was still mostly rural. Cities were an ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution since they are often places where people exchange ideas. |
| What are some of the characteristics of the “Renaissance woman” | The “Renaissance woman” also should know the classics, be charming but not seek fame and they should inspire art but rarely to create it. They were better educated than medieval woman but still not very sophisticated. |
| What was the attitude of Church leaders and the wealthy toward the arts? | Church leaders and the wealthy were extremely enthusiastic about the arts and became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists. |
| Which event most affected the rise of the Italian city-states? | Which event most affected the rise of the Italian city-states? |
| How is the humanism of the Renaissance reflected in its art? Explain with examples. | Humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God, more people were able to enjoy the arts without being victimized for it. Because more time and people were dedicated to the arts, new styles were born, such as realism. |
| What was the difference between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the attitude toward worldly pleasures? | The basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now. In the Middle Ages people accepted the life the were given and never asked for luxuries or pursued them if they weren’t born with it. |
| Who was William Shakespeare? | Born in 1564. The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age and many consider him to be the greatest playwright of all time |
| Who was Johann Gutenberg? | a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. |
| How did Albrecht Durer’s work reflect the influence of the Italian Renaissance? | The popularity of D rer’s work helped to spread Renaissance styles. His work reflected the ideals of the joyous time that was the Renaissance and he showed that not every piece of art has to be religious based. |
| What was one way the Renaissance changed society? | Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived. |
| Why was the invention of the printing press so important? | Printing made information more available and inexpensive enough for society at large, which helped to spread learning throughout Europe. |
| How were the works of German painters different from those of the Flemish painters? | German painters placed a lot of emphasis on details in their work were as Flemish painters focused on color and balance. |
| What reasons did humanists give for wanting to reform society? | Humanists wanted to revive classical languages and classical texts, promote the education of women and found schools attended by both boys and girls. |
| How did the availability of cheap books spread learning? | For the first time, books were cheap enough that many people could buy them. Because the prices of books were low, more and more people had the resources to learn about any subject they wanted to. |
| What was a social cause of the Reformation? | The values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church. |
| What was a religious cause of the Reformation? | Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. |
| What is a Protestant? | a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation. |
| How did Henry VII's actions impact England in the late 1500s? | After his desperation for a son resulted in three children, each in turn ruled England after he died and created religious turmoil. |
| How did Elizabeth I restore Protestantism? | She created a state church to accommodate to both Protestants and Catholics. |
| How did the Catholic Church Respond to Luther's teachings? | The Church did not view Luther as a threat until his opinions grew in popularity. He was eventually excommunicated after his followers threw Pope Leo X's decree into a bonfire. |
| What is a indulgence? | pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin. |
| What was the most important step Paul III took to reform the Catholic Church? | he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. |
| What is Calvinism? | a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin. |
| What is predestination? | the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved. |
| What was Calvin's idea of the "elect?" | Calvin calls the few people God chooses to save the “elect.” He believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. |
| What role did noblewomen play in the Reformation | protectors of reformers |
| What was a goal of the Jesuits? | to found schools throughout Europe to educate the youth about Protestantism |
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