A research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed, such as opinions on downtown retailing opportunities. used in planning to assess attitudes and characteristics of the public on a wide range of topics.

cross-sectional survey

A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time. For example, planners might conduct a survey on how parents feel about the quality of recreation facilities as of today.

planners may conduct longitudinal surveys over a period of time.

average response rate for mail surveys- the disadvantages?

mail surveys have a low response rate, averaging around 20 percent. It requires the participant to be able to read and write. For this reason, it may be inappropriate when targeting seniors, those that do not speak English, and the illiterate.

Group-administered surveys

when there is a specific population that a planner is trying to target. This form of survey allows a high and quick response rate. The difficulty with administering this survey is getting everyone together to complete the survey.

to be dropped off at someone's residence or business. Respondents are free to complete the survey at their convenience. Response rates are higher than with a mail survey

can be administered on the phone or in person.

This is an inexpensive method of surveying that can generate quick responses. Electronic surveys have a higher response rate than written or interview surveys. The downside is that you will not reach people without Internet access.

uses individuals that are readily available or you may recruit a volunteer sample.

everyone in the city has a chance of being selected to participate in the survey.

A stratified sample divides the population into groups, known as classes, from which a sample is drawn.

Three general survey approaches:

Mail Telephone Personal interview

1) Nonrandom: statistical validity not a concern (surveyors tend to pick someone like themselves)2) Random (Unbiased, since everyone has equal chance of being selected)

Types of random surveys:

1) simple random - select random number to start, every nth thereafter 2) stratified sampling - divide population into subpopulations, then every nth 3) cluster sampling - survey all units in a stratified area

Population is the total number of some entity. The total number of planners preparing for the 2011 AICP exam would be a population.

Sample is a subset of the population. For example, 25 candidates out of the total number of planners preparing for the 2011 AICP exam.

Descriptive Statistics

describe the characteristics of a population.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample.

ways to report central tendency

mean, median, and mode. The most appropriate measure of central tendency varies from situation to situation.

Nominal data is classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race, social security number, and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data.

has values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude. ordinal data has no fixed interval between values. eg: Educational. Mode and median are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data.

Interval data is data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. For temperature, 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees. Mean is the best measure of interval data. Where the data is skewed median can be used.

Ratio data has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example of ratio data because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data. has a true zero

Qualitative Variables

Qualitative Variables can be nominal or ordinal, while Quantitative Variables can be interval or ratio.

Continuous Variables can have an infinite number of values, such as 1.1111.

Dichotomous Variables

Dichotomous Variables can only have two possible values, such as unemployed or employed which are symbolized as 0 and 1.

allows for a determination of possible outcomes and the interrelationship between variables. The Null Hypothesis, is a statement that there are no differences. a Null Hypothesis could be that Traffic Calming has no impact on traffic speed.

A normal distribution is one that is symmetrical around the mean. This is a bell curve.

Measures of Dispersion

Range - Variance - Standard Deviation-

Range is the simplest measure of dispersion. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Variance is the average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.Variance is a descriptor of a probability distribution, how far the numbers lie from the mean.

Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance.

Coefficient of Variation

A Coefficient of Variation measures the relative dispersion from the mean and is measured by taking the standard deviation and dividing by the mean.

Standard Error is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.

gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter. A wide interval may indicate that we need more data

Chi Square- z-score- t-test- ANOVA- Correlation

is a non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics. is used to test the goodness of fit of an observed distr

The z-score is a measure of the distance, in standard deviation units, from the mean.This allows one to determine the likelihood, or probability that something would happen.

allows the comparisons of the means of two groups to determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance. one needs to know the number of subjects in each group, the difference between the means of each group, and the standard dev

An ANOVA is an analysis of variance. It studies the relationship between two variables, the first variable must be nominal and the second is interval.

Correlation Coefficient

The Correlation Coefficient indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship between the variables

Regression is a test of the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable. A regression analysis explores the relationship between variables.

Four major population estimate and projection methods

Linear Method- Symptomatic Method- Step-Down Ratio Method - Cohort Survival Method

Linear Method in population estimate

The linear method uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population. if the population has grown an average of 1000 people per year over the last 20 years, this same rate of growth would

Exponential Method in population estimate

The exponential method uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population. For example, growing 2% per year for 20 years.

Modified Exponential Method in population estimate

assumes there is a cap to the change and that at some point the growth will slow or stop, resulting in a curved line. The Gompertz Projection is a further modification of the modified exponential, the growth is slowest at the beginning and speeds up over

Symptomatic Method in population estimate

The symptomatic method uses available data to estimate the current population. the average household size is 2.5 according to the U.S. Census. If 100 new single-family building permits are issued this year, approximately 250 new people will be added to t

Step-Down Ratio Method in population estimate

This method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or a larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial Census.

Distributed Housing Unit Method in population estimate

uses the Census data for the number of housing units, which is then multiplied by the occupancy rate and persons per household. is reliable for slow growth or stable communities, but is less reliable in communities that are changing more quickly.

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AICP- Plan Making an

Question	Answer
survey	A research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed, such as opinions on downtown retailing opportunities. used in planning to assess attitudes and characteristics of the public on a wide range of topics.
cross-sectional survey	A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time. For example, planners might conduct a survey on how parents feel about the quality of recreation facilities as of today.
longitudinal surveys	planners may conduct longitudinal surveys over a period of time.
average response rate for mail surveys- the disadvantages?	mail surveys have a low response rate, averaging around 20 percent. It requires the participant to be able to read and write. For this reason, it may be inappropriate when targeting seniors, those that do not speak English, and the illiterate.
Group-administered surveys	when there is a specific population that a planner is trying to target. This form of survey allows a high and quick response rate. The difficulty with administering this survey is getting everyone together to complete the survey.
Drop-off survey	to be dropped off at someone's residence or business. Respondents are free to complete the survey at their convenience. Response rates are higher than with a mail survey
Oral surveys	can be administered on the phone or in person.
Online surveys	This is an inexpensive method of surveying that can generate quick responses. Electronic surveys have a higher response rate than written or interview surveys. The downside is that you will not reach people without Internet access.
convenience sample	uses individuals that are readily available or you may recruit a volunteer sample.
random sample	everyone in the city has a chance of being selected to participate in the survey.
stratified sample	A stratified sample divides the population into groups, known as classes, from which a sample is drawn.
Three general survey approaches:	Mail Telephone Personal interview
Why sample?	Cost Time Staff resources
Two types of sample	1) Nonrandom: statistical validity not a concern (surveyors tend to pick someone like themselves)2) Random (Unbiased, since everyone has equal chance of being selected)
Types of random surveys:	1) simple random - select random number to start, every nth thereafter 2) stratified sampling - divide population into subpopulations, then every nth 3) cluster sampling - survey all units in a stratified area
Population	Population is the total number of some entity. The total number of planners preparing for the 2011 AICP exam would be a population.
Sample	Sample is a subset of the population. For example, 25 candidates out of the total number of planners preparing for the 2011 AICP exam.
Descriptive Statistics	describe the characteristics of a population.
Inferential Statistics	Inferential Statistics determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample.
ways to report central tendency	mean, median, and mode. The most appropriate measure of central tendency varies from situation to situation.
Nominal data	Nominal data is classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race, social security number, and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data.
Ordinal data	has values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude. ordinal data has no fixed interval between values. eg: Educational. Mode and median are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data.
Interval data	Interval data is data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. For temperature, 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees. Mean is the best measure of interval data. Where the data is skewed median can be used.
Ratio data	Ratio data has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example of ratio data because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data. has a true zero
Qualitative Variables	Qualitative Variables can be nominal or ordinal, while Quantitative Variables can be interval or ratio.
Continuous Variables	Continuous Variables can have an infinite number of values, such as 1.1111.
Dichotomous Variables	Dichotomous Variables can only have two possible values, such as unemployed or employed which are symbolized as 0 and 1.
Hypothesis Testing	allows for a determination of possible outcomes and the interrelationship between variables. The Null Hypothesis, is a statement that there are no differences. a Null Hypothesis could be that Traffic Calming has no impact on traffic speed.
normal distribution	A normal distribution is one that is symmetrical around the mean. This is a bell curve.
Measures of Dispersion	Range - Variance - Standard Deviation-
Range	Range is the simplest measure of dispersion. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Variance	Variance is the average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.Variance is a descriptor of a probability distribution, how far the numbers lie from the mean.
Standard Deviation	Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance.
Coefficient of Variation	A Coefficient of Variation measures the relative dispersion from the mean and is measured by taking the standard deviation and dividing by the mean.
Standard Error	Standard Error is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.
Confidence Interval	gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter. A wide interval may indicate that we need more data
Statistical Tests	Chi Square- z-score- t-test- ANOVA- Correlation
Chi Square	is a non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics. is used to test the goodness of fit of an observed distr
z-score	The z-score is a measure of the distance, in standard deviation units, from the mean.This allows one to determine the likelihood, or probability that something would happen.
The t-test	allows the comparisons of the means of two groups to determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance. one needs to know the number of subjects in each group, the difference between the means of each group, and the standard dev
ANOVA	An ANOVA is an analysis of variance. It studies the relationship between two variables, the first variable must be nominal and the second is interval.
Correlation Coefficient	The Correlation Coefficient indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship between the variables
Regression	Regression is a test of the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable. A regression analysis explores the relationship between variables.
Four major population estimate and projection methods	Linear Method- Symptomatic Method- Step-Down Ratio Method - Cohort Survival Method
Linear Method in population estimate	The linear method uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population. if the population has grown an average of 1000 people per year over the last 20 years, this same rate of growth would
Exponential Method in population estimate	The exponential method uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population. For example, growing 2% per year for 20 years.
Modified Exponential Method in population estimate	assumes there is a cap to the change and that at some point the growth will slow or stop, resulting in a curved line. The Gompertz Projection is a further modification of the modified exponential, the growth is slowest at the beginning and speeds up over
Symptomatic Method in population estimate	The symptomatic method uses available data to estimate the current population. the average household size is 2.5 according to the U.S. Census. If 100 new single-family building permits are issued this year, approximately 250 new people will be added to t
which method in population projection uses water taps, phone lines, voter registration, and utility connections	Symptomatic Method
Step-Down Ratio Method in population estimate	This method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or a larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial Census.
Distributed Housing Unit Method in population estimate	uses the Census data for the number of housing units, which is then multiplied by the occupancy rate and persons per household. is reliable for slow growth or stable communities, but is less reliable in communities that are changing more quickly.
Cohort Survival Method	uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups.
Where Birth and death rates are published	Birth and death rates are published by the state in the Vital Statistics of the United States through the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. This information can be found at state offices as well, and is available by age cohort.
Crude Birth Rate	The Crude Birth Rate is the total number of births per 1,000 people.
Age-Specific Fertility Rate	The Age-Specific Fertility Rate is the number of babies born per 1,000 females in a given age group.
Three major economic analysis methods	Economic base analysis- Shift-share analysis- Input-output analysis
Economic base analysis	looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region.
a location quotient	is the ratio of an industry's share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other level of government). A location quotient of less than one indicates an importing economy. greater than one then the area is an exporting economy.
Shift-share analysis	It analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth. uses employment information by sector for two points in time.
Input-output analysis	It is a quantitative method that links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Input-output analysis is similar to economic base analysis in that it uses an economy's structure to determine the economy in the future.
This analysis can also be used to look at the economy of the region as a whole.	Input-output analysis
Primary suppliers in Input-output analysis	Primary suppliers do not purchase input for production. They typically purchase only final goods
Final purchasers	Final purchasers use their inputs as final goods.
effective market demand in real estate	the demand that is backed up by purchasing power
desired or ex-ante demand in real estate	This refers to the aggregate desired quantity of a good before consumers interact with the marketplace.
realized or ex-post demand in real estate
pent-up demand	The not-yet-realized demand is often referred to as pent-up demand.
price elasticity in real estate market	This is calculated as the ratio of the percent change in quantity demanded over the percent change in prices. The price elasticity simply shows by what percent the quantity demanded will decrease in response to 1% increase in price.
on average, real estate demand is price inelastic	true
What birth rate is needed to maintain the population size	Need a birth rate of 2.1 to maintain the population size
Europe Union birth rate	1.6
United States birth rate	2
What is Multiplier Effect?	One business will create spinoff jobs known as the Multiplier Effect- Economic Base Analysis tries to determine the multiplier effect
Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS)	US Bureau of Economic Analysis
Input-output analysis assumptions?	there are no economies of scale, that technology and labor are static, that inputs are not substitutable, and that each industry only produces one group of goods. Consumption of inputs is constant and there are no national imports or exports.
"regional employment multiplier	a "regional employment multiplier" relates a change in a region's export employment to the resulting total employment change.
What is 'Depreciation'?	Depreciation is an accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life. Businesses depreciate long-term assets for both tax and accounting purposes. it indicates how much of an asset's value has been used up over time.
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)	is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data about the U.S. economy. was developed by the Office of Management and Budget and in 1997.
NAICS numbering system	employs a six-digit code- The first two digits designate the largest business sector, the third digit designates the subsector, the fourth digit designates the industry group, the fifth digit designates the NAICS industries, and the sixth digit designates
main population Projections in 2012 (to 2060)	population age 65 and older is expected to more than double between 2012 and 2060. Hispanic population would more than double- nearly one in three U.S. residents would be Hispanic. The U.S. is projected to become a majority-minority nation in 2043.
Baby boomers	Baby boomers, defined as persons born between 1946 and 1964, number 76.4 million in 2012 and account for about one-quarter of the population. in 2016, they are projected to number around 2.4 million and represent 0.6 percent of the total population.
The 2000 Decennial Census of Population and Housing changes from earlier years?	The 2000 Census was mailed to each household . 17% of households received the long form= The 2000 Census short form was the "shortest" since 1820. for the first time allowed the respondents to select more than one race that they identify as.
Urbanized Area definition?	The Census Bureau defines an urbanized area wherever it finds an urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. they must have a core with a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile- In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas.
Urban Cluster definition?	Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census.
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)	includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)	has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting.
Census Designated Places (CDP)	is the equivalent of an incorporated place for data purposes. This is for settled concentrations of population that are not incorporated.
Consolidated MSA (CMSA)	is made up of several PMSA's. An example is the Dallas-Fort Worth Consolidated Metropolitan Area. Dallas and Fort Worth are each primary metropolitan statistical areas.
Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA)	is defined by the US Office and Budget to provide data description for areas where there is a core area with at least 10,000 people that when combined with other adjacent communities is socially and economically integrated.
Megalopolis	"any many-centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization."
who coined the term Megalopolis ?	In 1961, Jean Gottman published Megalopolis, a book about the 300-mile-long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C.
Census Tract	Census Tract typically has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people. It is the smallest area where all information is released.
Census Block	Census Block is the smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically 400 housing units per block.
Census Block Group	Census Block Group is a group of Census Blocks.
Minor Civil Division (MCD)	is a unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality. Census County Divisions are used in the 21 states that do not have MCD's. The District of Columbia is considered equivalent to an MCD for statistical purposes
Tribal Designated Statistical Area	Tribal Designated Statistical Area is a unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area. These are defined independently of the standard county based census deliniations.
Threshold Population	is a term that is under a number of government programs to determine program eligibility. example is the Threshold Population to qualify to receive Community Development Block Grant Funds.
Public Use Microdata Sample and Public Use Microdata Areas	refer to data available through the American Community Survey.
US population change from 1900 to 2010	The nation has grown from 76 million people in 1900 to 308 million people in 2010. More than 27 million people were added during the 2000s.
What percentage of US population live in urbanized areas?	The US continued to urbanize, with 81% of the US population living in urban areas.
fastest growing states	Nevada (35%), Arizona (25%), and Utah (24%), Idaho (21%), Texas (20%)
top ten fastest growing metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2010?	1) Palm Coast, Florida 2) St. George, Utah 3) Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada 4) Raleigh-Cary, North Carolina 5) Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida 6) Provo-Orem, Utah 7) Greeley, Colorado 8) Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, Texas 9)south Carolina 10) Bend, Oregon
the only state between 2000 and 2010 that lost population?	the state of Michigan was the only state between 2000 and 2010 that lost population.
the average household size	the average household size went down from 3.1 in 1970 to 2.59 in 2010. And the median age rose to 37.2 years of age.
"exposure indices"	the average racial composition of neighborhoods experienced by members of each racial group.
dissimilarity index	is the most commonly used measure of segregation between two groups, reflecting their relative distributions across neighborhoods within a city or metropolitan area. from 0 to 100
US population in 2010	308.7 million people in the United States, a 9.7 percent increase from the Census 2000 population of 281.4 million- was lower than the 13.2 percent increase for the 1990s- only the 1930s experienced a lower growth rate (7.3 percent) than this past dec
regional growth in the US between 2000 to 2010?	regional growth was much faster for the South and West (14.3 and 13.8 percent, respectively) than for the Midwest (3.9 percent) and Northeast (3.2 percent) - Overall, the South and West accounted for 84.4 percent of the U.S. population increase duri
the fastest-growing state between 2000 and 2010	Nevada was the fastest-growing state between 2000 and 2010, growing by 35.1 percent
the slowest- increasing states between 2000 to 2010	Rhode Island, Louisiana, and Ohio were the slowest- increasing states, all of which grew by less than 2.0 percent.
Which state experienced the highest numeric increase between 2000 to 2010?	Between 2000 and 2010, Texas experienced the highest numeric increase, up by 4.3 million people.
the only state that has maintained a growth rate of 25.0 percent or greater for the last three decades?	Nevada
District of Columbia population change between 2000 to 2010?	Between 2000 and 2010, the District of Columbia experienced its first decennial population increase since the 1940s, increasing by 5.2 percent to surpass 600,000 people.
Which state is growing at a rate faster than any other state in the Northeast?	New Hampshire
the most populous state since the 1970 Census	California
least populous states	Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
the most populous county in the United States since 1960	Los Angeles County, CA, with a population of 9.8 million, remained the most populous county in the United States since 1960, followed by Cook County, IL, (containing Chicago), and Harris County, TX, (containing Houston)
most populous incorporated places between 2000 to 2010?	1) New York city 2) Los Angeles city 3) Chicago city, IL 4) Houston city, TX 5) Philadelphia city, PA 6) Phoenix city, AZ 7) San Antonio city, TX 8) San Diego city, CA 9) Dallas city, TX 10) San Jose city, C
"senior ratio"	contrasts the number of elders, ages 65 and older, with prime working-age residents, assumed to be ages 25 to 64.
The Social Security Administration projection about taxes and elder population	has determined that the payroll tax will need to increase from 10.4 percent in 2000 to 16.7 percent in 2030 in order to support retirees, but Medicare expenses are likely to rise even more.
"generational housing bubble"	there is the prospect of housing markets disrupted by an excess of older sellers who will be competing for a smaller pool of potential buyers
American Community Survey (ACS)	This survey, which replaces the long form in the decennial Census, takes a sample of the population and projects the findings to the population as a whole. The ACS began on a nationwide basis back in 2005. The survey reaches 2.5% of the nation's populatio
Differences Between the ACS and Decennial Census (long form)	decennial census is to provide counts of people for the purpose of Congressional apportionment, the primary purpose of the ACS is to measure the changing social and economic characteristics of the U.S. population.
group quarters in ACS	in 2006, for the first time, the ACS included the population living in group quarters (such as jails, college dormitories, and nursing homes).
Baby Boomers	People born in the United States between 1946 and 1964 are known as Baby Boomers.
Generation X	These people were born between 1965 and 1976, which was a period of low birth rates.
Generation Y (aka Echo Boom or Millenials)	These people were born between approximately 1977 and 2000. The exact years of this generation vary depending on the source. These are generally children born in the 1980s and 1990s.
Generation Z	These are the children born after 2000. The exact years of this generation vary depending on the source.
Frequency	count of occurrences (cases) in each category
Cumulative Frequency	count of cases up to and including this category
Relative Frequency	each category’s proportion of total. Sums to 1.0
Cumulative Relative Frequency	proportion of total
Types of Variables	Discrete- continuous
Types of Taxes	Regressive (affects those who are low income proportionally more than those who are high income, eg: tax on food)- Progressive (benefits lower income people more)
Types of Revenue	• Property Tax • Income Tax • Sales Tax • Fees for Service • Grants
Methods of Finance	• Pay as you go • Reserve Funds • General Obligation Bonds • Revenue Bonds • Lease-Purchase • Special Districts • Special Assessments • Grants • Tax Increment Financing
Types of Budgeting Systems	• Line Item Budgeting • Planning, Programming and Budgeting Systems (PPBS) • Management by Objective (MBO) • Zero-Base Budget (ZBB)
Capital Improvements Program	Is a public facility that constitutes a major expenditure and a long life involving nonrecurring expenditures- It is linked to the goals established within the comprehensive plan.
Topographic map	A Topographic map is a two-dimensional representation of a portion of the three-dimensional surface of the earth
Contour lines	Contour lines are used to determine elevations and are lines on a map that are produced from connecting points of equal elevation (elevation refers to height in feet, or meters, above sea level).
TIGER (Topographically Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing map)	A TIGER map includes streets, railroads, zip codes, and landmarks. TIGER maps are used by the U.S. Census Bureau and can be downloaded into a GIS system, where they are often used as base layers upon which local information is added.
Digital Aerial Photography	Digital aerial photography has allowed for increased accuracy to the 0.5 foot resolution. These photographs can be incorporated into GIS.
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)	how digital data about the elevation of the earth's surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it. DEMs can be used for storm water management, flood control, land use decisions, and other purposes.
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)	is a new technology using a laser, instead of radio waves, that is mounted in an airplane to provide detailed topographic information. provide a dense pattern of data points to create one foot contours for DEMs for use in watershed mapping and hydrologic
UrbanSim	models planning and urban development. This free software program is designed to be used by Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs).
CommunityViz	is a software program that allows agencies to create 3D images. This allows citizens to visualize the potential for development and redevelopment.
design charrette	is an intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area
Delphi Method	is a structured process of public participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. The method was created in 1944 for the U.S. Army Air Force. A panel of selected, informed citizens and stakeholders are asked to complete a series of questi
Nominal Group Technique	is a group process involving problem identification, solution generation, and decision making that can be used for groups of any size that want to come to a decision by vote. This allows for everyone's opinions to be considered by starting with every grou
How Nominal Group Technique works?	every group member sharing their ideas briefly- Someone is creating a list of the ideas.- Participants then rank the solutions.- The rankings are then discussed. This can lead to further ideas or combinations of ideas.
Facilitation	uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus. The facilitator is typically a volunteer from the community who is respected by all
Mediation	is a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement. The mediator assists the parties in identifying and articulating their interests and priorities.
public hearing	A public hearing is typically associated with the Planning Commission, City Council, or other governing bodies. These meetings allow formal citizen input at the end of a planning process. Is mandated by law- typically ineffective
visual preference survey	Is a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments. Citizens are asked to view and evaluate a wide variety of pictures depicting houses, sites, building styles, streetscapes, etc.
What are three basic steps used in principled negotiation?	focus on interests- agree on objectives- look for solutions
In planning terminology, DINKS stands for	(Double income/ no kids couples)
Special improvement district	agree to pay more taxes for services (increased tax rate)
line item budgeting	• Most common form • Each item in the budget is evaluated. • No performance or priorities are stated. • Ie Budget is $200 for new staplers. Do we want to buy that many, or get by with $100 worth.
Things to consider while appointing committees for public participation	- plant the seeds of plan approval- Include both sides of the aisle- co-opt the opposition -
APA's Policy Guide on Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	Comprehensive plans provide the framework for neighborhood planning- Neighborhoods should be encouraged to seek the best organizational structure- Advocacy planning for neighborhoods-
What is a coalition ?	is the working together of several organizations toward a common goal. two types of coalitions. 1) a lead organization for the coalition that makes the decisions. 2)all groups participate equally with decisions worked out together by group representative
In order to build consensus, there are several key principles planners should follow	Design the process to fit the stakeholders' needs; Include all appropriate special interest groups; Identify shared common interests; Provide all stakeholders with information ; Use professional facilitators ; Validate the r
APA Policy Guide on Homelessness
homeless population in US	Tonight, approximately 800,000 people will be homeless. Over the course of a year between 2.3 million and 3.5 million people will experience homelessness.
What factors have contributed to the rise in homelessness?	1) escalating housing costs since the 1980s 2) accelerated loss of affordable housing stock and declining rental assistance 3) decreased affordability and availability of family support services 4) de-industrialization of our central cities
How planners can play a significant role in reducing homelessness
the main difference between comprehensive v. strategic planning	The main differences are scope and time frame. A comprehensive plan is for the entire community over the long term. A strategic plan has a more specific focus and is accomplished over the short-term.
ways to implement a comprehensive plan and other types of land use related plans	Implementation techniques include regulation, acquisition, taxation, and expenditures. Regulatory tools include zoning, subdivision regulations, other land use ordinances, and building codes. Taxation tools and public expenditures are also used.
First step in the planning process	Visioning
the differences between goals and objectives	Goals are value-based and not necessarily measurable whereas objectives are specific and measurable.
General fertility rate	births per 1000 women aged 15-49
three components of demography	fertility-mortality & migration
Social media scraping	A way to gather information from facebooj or other social media for analysis of topic trends and public sentiment
Mash up	digital file that is produced by the integration of various types of files
RFID	Radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors could be installed in buses to transmit arrival times to a central server and then back to the rider through an API such as a mobile application on a smart phone.
NFC	near field communication
AR	Augmented reality
APR	Application Programming Interface
Megastructure	Megastructure is sometimes referred to as “the city as a building”, and it has a focus on an urban framework with interchangeable pieces. obstacles to design of this scale, but the Denver airport terminal is an example of this concept in practice.
Greenfield development	is development in an area not previously developed, and brings up questions of impacts to natural and agricultural resources, as well as questions as to how or where services and facilities will be provided.
Leapfrog development	is usually a type of greenfield development – a development has gone well beyond existing developed areas, leaving a green area between the established developed area and the new development. This green area acts as a barrier to services and facilities.
Redevelopment	is going into an existing developed area and creating new uses, usually when there are real or perceived deficiencies. Typically services and facilities already exist in these areas, and transportation options are greater than with Greenfield development.
Brownfield and Grayfield	brownfield refers to areas with the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, while grayfield refers to areas with abandoned or underperforming uses, perhaps due to changing market conditions or other factors.
Infill development	broadly refers to development taking place within an existing developed area. This can be either redevelopment of an existing use or developing a vacant parcel. infill takes advantage of existing infrastructure.
Transit Oriented Development	specifically looks to take advantage of existing infrastructure in the form of public transit – positioning office, retail, and residential uses close to transit options in a pedestrian friendly scale and arrangement.
Clean Air Act	1963- designed to control air pollution on a national level.
The Department of Transportation Act(DOT) Act – Section 4(f)	1966- includes a special provision - Section 4(f) - which stipulates that FHWA and other DOT agencies cannot approve the use of land from publicly owned parks, recreational areas, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, or public and private historical sites.
National Flood Insurance Act	1968- led to the creation of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)	1969- It required an environmental review for any project with federal ties – permits, funding, or federal action. The NEPA procedural framework has three levels of analysis – the Categorical Exclusion, Environmental Assessment, and Environmental Impact S
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) creation	1970- Nixon proposed an executive reorganization that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency, a new Environmental Protection Agency.
Clean Water Act	1972- Established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States.
National Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)	1972- to encourage coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans (CZMPs).
Endangered Species Act	1973- Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)	1976- is the principal federal law in the United States governing the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act – CERCLA or Superfund	1980- provides a Federal "Superfund" to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment
Farmland Protection Policy Act	1981- is intended to minimize the impact Federal programs have on the unnecessary and irreversible conversion of farmland to non-agricultural uses.
What are the three levels of analysis in NEPA	the Categorical Exclusion, Environmental Assessment, and Environmental Impact Statement. The CE level is for projects with limited impacts, EIS is conducted when impacts are anticipated significant. EAs are conducted when the level of impact in unclear
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v Volpe (1971)	stands as a notable example of the power of litigation by grassroots citizen movements to block government action. They claimed that the Secretary had not complied with Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act.
Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v Atomic Energy Commission (1971)	the first important court interpretation of (NEPA). As a result of the decision, the Atomic Energy Commission halted the licensing of all nuclear plants for eighteen months in order to modify its licensing rules to comply with NEPA
Sierra Club v Morton (1972)	Sequoia National Forest - ski resort- id the Sierra Club adequately establish that it had a sufficient stake in the development of the Mineral King Valley to establish standing for a suit under the Administrative Procedure Act? No
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) v Hill (1978)	Does the ESA prohibit completion of the Tellico Dam? Is the Snail Darter protected by the Endangered Species Act, even though congress continued to fund the dam project and stated that it should be completed? Yes enforcement of the Endangered Species Act
Rapanos v United State (2006)	limits to the ACOE’s wetlands’ jurisdiction- Does the phrase "waters of the United States" in the Clean Water Act include a wetland that at least occasionally empties into a tributary of a traditionally navigable water?
Warren v Maine Board of Environmental Protection (2006)	hydroelectric dams under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. Do hydroelectric dams result in "discharge" under the meaning of Section 401 of the federal Clean Water Act? Yes.
Types of zoning	Euclidean, Cumulative, Form-Based, Performance (first in 1973, Bucks county, PA)
most commonly used legal tools to implement a comprehensive plan	zoning and subdivision and land development
Land use and development regulations examples	o Building Codes o Housing Code/Standards o Erosion and sedimentation o Stormwater management
Agricultural preservation or protection zoning or effective agricultural zoning	type of zoning that works to ensure that agricultural uses can continue in an area. minimizing conflicts with non-agricultural uses is typically part of the provisions.
density bonuses	are an incentive that can be worked into an ordinance reward activities that are a priority. eg: residential development if they preserve an existing historic structure on the site or if if construction meets energy efficient standards.
Conservation subdivisions	a type of subdivision that are specifically permitted in some ordinances, and require preservation of open space and other critical natural or historic resources.the undeveloped area is required to be protected from future development through a deed restr
Deed restrictions or easements	are used by local governments and non-profits to prevent certain types of development in certain areas and preserve specific features. Easements are a voluntary transaction between a landowner and another entity
growth management	Directing growth to areas supported by infrastructure, encouraging the type of growth that the community needs, and limiting growth in areas of sensitive resources are all part of growth management.
Annexation	is the process of incorporating territory into a town or borough or city. This varies by state, but in many places unincorporated areas of a county can be claimed by an incorporated area through a specific process set by the state.
Annexation and extraterritorial jurisdiction or(ETJ)	In some states, incorporated areas are permitted to have some level of zoning or other regulatory control over unincorporated areas that are directly adjacent – this area is referred to as the ETJ. Allowing some control over an ETJ works to improve consis
Median age in 2010	Median age in 2010 was 37.2 years
Combined Statistical Areas (CSA)	Two or more adjacent CBSAs that have substantial employment interchange. Because CSAs represent groupings of metropolitan and/or micropolitan statistical areas, they should not be ranked or compared with individual metropolitan and micropolitan statistica
Tribal Census Tracts	(also known as tribal tracts) are completely different from those used in 2000 when they were first introduced. For 2010, tribal census tracts are defined independently of the standard county-based tract delineation. with a population less than 2400
Estimates	Estimates are calculated for current population levels.
Crude Birth Rate	is the total number of births per 1,000 people in the total population.
Age-Specific Fertility Rate	the total number of babies born per 1,000 females in a given age group (for example, ages 20–24).
Panel Data	follow the same individuals in a cohort over time.
Cohort Data	follow age groups over time.
Distributed Housing Unit Method	This is the method the Census Bureau uses in its intradecennial census estimates.- The Distributed Housing Unit Method calculates population based on housing data as follows: POPULATIONT = HOUSING UNITST * OCCUPANCY RATE * PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD
Economic Base Analysis assumptions	(1) exports from a region give the region a competitive economic edge, and (2) exports produce a multiplier effect that is beneficial to the local economy.
The Industrial Mix Effect	In shift share theory- represents the share of regional industry growth explained by the growth of the specific industry at the national level.
The National Growth Effect	explains how much of the regional industry’s growth is explained by the overall growth of the national economy
The Regional Competitive Effect	It explains how much of the change in a given industry is due to some unique competitive advantage that the region possesses, because the growth cannot be explained by national trends in that industry or the economy as whole.
An input-output analysis is composed of three tables	The transactions table- The direct requirements table- The total requirements table
Industrial development bonds	are sponsored by government but are paid to a private entity that is responsible for bond repayment.
What is the Dayton system" program strategies"	is a combination of Planning Programming Budgetary System (PPBS) and zero bases budget (ZBB)
Capital improvements programming	is the multiyear scheduling of public physical improvements. The capital improvements budget refers to expenditures for the next fiscal year.
An important distinction between the capital improvements budget and the capital improvements program	the one-year budget may become a part of the legally adopted annual operating budget, whereas the longer-term program does not necessarily have legal significance.
definition of policy	a series of “big ideas” which could inform specific plans and implementation strategies.
decision matrix	A set of criteria are established to score potential options and then rank the decisions. Advantages of this method include assigning objective values to subjective opinions so alternatives can be compared and sensitivity studies performed.
Program Evaluation Tools examples	Linear programming- cost effectiveness analysis- cost-benefit analysis- Fiscal impact analysis- Modeling- simulation- Scenario writing- survey- Quick thinking
Gantt chart	A Gantt chart lists tasks on the y-axis, and time periods on the x-axis. Horizontal bars represent the time period allotted to each individual task.
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)	graphically depicts the relationships among a project’s tasks as links in a web. PERT systems are capable of reallocating the available resources among these tasks to keep the project on-time and on-budget.
Critical Path Method	is used to determine the “optimal solution” that will complete the project using a minimal amount of each resource. CPM can be used within a PERT system.
Planning Balance Sheets	an evaluation matrix, with competing projects forming the rows and evaluation criteria forming the columns.
Cost effectiveness analysis (or CEA)	used to compare two competing projects that will provide roughly the same benefits.
Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost Analysis (EUAC) and Equivalent Uniform Annual Benefit Analysis (EUAB)	These two techniques are close relatives of CEA. EUAC is a more complex form of comparing the annualized costs of two or more competing projects with roughly identical benefits. EUAB compares the benefits of two or more competing projects with same benefi
Fiscal Impact Analysis	used to estimate the costs and revenues that a proposed development will bring to an area’s governments and schools.
Strategic Planning IS NOT	Muddling through- Comprehensive planning- Operations planning- Capital improvements planning (but helps with annual budget) Multiyear budgeting (however helps)
What was the significance of Chicago 1909 plan in regards to public participation	demonstration of civic responsibility- engage in planning the future of the city- 86 bond referenda
Model Cities Program and its legacy for public participation	1966-74 - Inner city upheaval largely the impetus for Johnson’s Great Society and War on Poverty- cornerstone MC (150 projects giving Fed funds for local bricks and mortar planning projects. initial goals emphasized comp planning, rehabilitation, public p
National organization for women and its legacy for public participation	1966- "To take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men."
Native American Rights/ Indian civil right act (ICRA)	(1968)
Circular A-95 clearinghouse	all applications for federal funds pass first through a metropolitan or regional clearinghouse to be judged in terms of their area wide impact-it encourages communities to give greater attention to area wide problems.
Arnstein ladder	Non-participation (manipulation- therapy) Tokenism (informing- consulting- placation) Citizen power (partnership-delegated power-citizen control)
Who coined the term "Equity Urban Planning"	Norman Krumholtz- (center for neighborhood development in response to urban renewal)Seeing economic and environmental crises as opportunities to make cities more equitable as they serve citizenry.
Q.“Urban renewal” came in what forms during 50s and 60s?	Housing projects (large) and highways which cut swaths.
AIP means?	precursor to AICP
Known for controversial tactics for community organizing and advocacy	Alinsky
Who funded the suburban action institute in 1969	Paul Davidoff- challenging exclusionary zoning and winning Mt.Laurel decision, communities must supply regional fair share of low income housing. Advocacy rejects view of planner as objective analyst.
motivations for public participation	legitimacy- efficiency
Difference between negotiation & mediation	in mediation neutral and impartial third party encourages and facilitates resolution of a dispute without prescribing what it should be- negotiations is to confer with another to arrive at a settlement-
What is Arbitrate	the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties( often used to settle disputes between labor and management)
Web 2.0	“Web 2.0” refers to virtually any web innovation.- emphasize user-generated content, usability (ease of use, even by non-experts), and interoperability (eg. video sharing- mashups)
Chevron or "V" Shape room arrangement	allows discussion among small groups of participants during or immediately after a larger group activity. Chevron creates a more enclosed type of feel for the presenter and audience.
Delphi method	facilitator serves as clearinghouse- collaborative tool for public outreach- good tool for scenario building
Fishbowl planning	bring objectivity to check planners biases- bring the element of honesty -citizens serve as a check on planners-
Samoan circle	AKA modified fishbowl - complicated problems -leaderless meeting
What is PEST (political-Economic-Social- Technological)	A collaborative tool similar to SWOT but different emphasis. Also typically used for Visioning, Strategic Planning.
Steven Ames (Oregon model) visioning steps:	1) where are we now 2) where are we going 3) where do we want to be 4) how do we get there 5) Are we getting there?
APA's key strategies for Charrette	-work collaboratively- design cross functionally- compress work sessions- communicate in short feedback looops-Study details and the whole- produce a feasible plan- use design to create holistic solutions- multi day charrette- charrette on site
Nominal group technique	attributed Dunham (1998) - small group discussion to reach consensus- NGT variation ( magic wall - sticky notes)
American assembly (PP tool)	Attributed to Columbia University - large group process- 2 to 3 day commitment to drive citizen input and then irritation- feedback loops
“Browbeating”	“Browbeating” means objectors are induced to negotiate with the majority group position. 43
Referenda	voting on various items before the public- citizens vote approval or disapproval of a public measure by official ballot- binding (voting on a specific proposal- tax or land proposal) and non binding referenda- more common binding Referenda
World cafes (pp tools)	series of simultaneous conversations around specific questions-participants change tables, focus on identifying common ground for each questions
open space meeting (pp tools)	self-directed format- participants create own agenda, work groups related to a central theme-
Resident feedback registers (pp tools)	randomly select database of residents who are wiling to provide feedback. May be used as a source for recruiting people for other processes.
Appreciative inquiry processes (pp tools)	specific process that focuses on what is working for an organization to plan for the future.
Responsiveness summaries (pp tools)	report, a formal way of responding to every public comment in writing
Luigi Taparelli	the origins of social justice in the 1840s- he coined the term social justice- Major idea: Sociality and subsidiarity- all level of society should cooperate rationally-
John Rawls	A Theory of Justice in 1971 -aimed to resolve competing claims of freedom and equality and that these two concepts could be integrated and unified into social justice as fairness- legitimacy of law depends on being impossible to reasonably reject.
Betty Friedan	The Feminine Mystique in 1962- sparked the second wave of feminism
Indian Reorganization Act (AKA the Wheeler-Howard Act ) (1934)	enacted to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources- extended the right to form businesses and other organizations- granted certain rights of home rule- provided for vocational education
Colonias definition	unregulated settlements that began to emerge with the advent of informal housing.- Rural unincorporated communities within 150 miles of US-Mexico border lacking adequate water, sewer, or decent housing (USHUD & USDA) and established before Nov. 28, 1990-
State Community Development Block Grant Colonias Set-Aside	the National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 (as amended) included Section 916 which called for the border states of Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas to set aside a percentage of their annual State CDBG allocations for use in the colonias.
Robert Bullard	1982 Warren Co.NC; Toxic Waste mishandling became a symbol for environmental justice movement
Emergency planning and community right to know act (EPCRA)	In 1986 was created to help communities plan for chemical emergencies. It also requires industry to report on the storage, use and releases of hazardous substances to federal, state, and local governments.
Executive order 12898	in 1994- attention to environmental & human health effects of federal actions on minority & low income - includes public information and public participation
Civil right act	1964- outlaws discrimination-ended unequal application of voter registration requirement and racial segregation in schools, workplace & in facilities serving the public- violation can mean losing federal funding
community impact statement (CIS)	provides a mechanism for local representatives and groups to formulate their own statement of what they believe impacts will be if a particular use is approved or allowed to expand.
guiding principles that should be considered to advance other EJ policies	1. Enact conditional use standards that restrict uses that could create EJ concerns. 2. Create overlay zones to cover predominantly minority and low-income neighborhoods. 3. Use performance zoning to limit environmental impacts, 4. Place buffer zones betw
Your interaction with the media will generally happen in one of two ways	1)Reactive: A reporter will call you about a story he or she is working on to get information, fact check, or to obtain a quote for a story. 2)Proactive: You contact a reporter about a story he or she might be interested in writing.
nonverbal communication	research shows that more than 93 percent of communications effectiveness is determined by eye contact, body language, facial expressions, and voice quality.
visioning time horizon	A visioning plan typically has a 20- to 30-year time horizon.
common scales in the U.S. Geological Survey	The U.S. Geological Survey uses the 1:24,000 scale.
1:2,000,000 scale	To convert the 1:2,000,000 scale into a distance in linear miles, you would divide 2,000,000 inches by 12 since there are 12 inches in a foot. Then you divide the number by 5,280 since there are 5,280 feet in a mile, which equals 31.57 miles.
map projection methods that allow the Earth to be projected on a flat surface	The three basic types of map projection are conic, cylindrical, and planar.
contour interval	A contour interval is the distance between contour lines. The closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the terrain. Slope is calculated by the change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance.
calculating slope	eg: height of 1 foot at point A and a height of 2 feet at point B, difference is 1 foot (AKA the rise). For the distance, point A is 2 feet away from point B (AKA the run). By dividing 1 by 2, 0.5. Multiply this number by 100 to get the percent slope.
Floor area ratio (FAR)	the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site;
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)	NEPA(1969) requires the preparation of an (EIS) where necessary. EIS are for federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. If the environmental assessment determines that there is a significant impact, an EIS is needed
What is Scoping in EIS process	In the early stages of preparing an EIS, scoping must take place. Scoping is often the first contact between proponents of a proposal and the public. The purpose of scoping is to assist the preparers of the EIS to explain the project to public & agencies
An Environmental Impact Statement typically has four sections	1) Introduction includes a statement of the Purpose of the Proposed Action;2) Description of the Affected Environment;3) Range of Alternatives to the proposed action. 4) Analysis of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives.
An Environmental Impact Statement must address each of the following five topics	1) Probable impact of the proposed action;2)Any adverse environmental effects ;3) Alternatives to the proposed action;4) Relationship between local short-term uses and the long-term productivity of the land;5) Any irreversible commitments of resources in
Impact fees	used to finance improvements offsite of, but to the benefit of the development. shift more of the costs of financing public facilities from the general taxpayer to the beneficiaries of those new facilities. "rational nexus" - most widespread for sewer and
Impact Fee Standards	"rational nexus"- Some benefit must accrue to the development as a result of the payment of a fee.- proportionate fair share of the costs- not to address existing deficiencies unless exacerbated by new development- reviewed at least every two year-
According to the National Association of Home Builders a new home in the US is, on average ____ percent larger than it was 30 years ago.	50
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) standards	applies to new major sources or major modifications at existing sources for pollutants where the area the source is located is in attainment or unclassifiable with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Taxes serve following functions	1)redistribute income 2)creating revenues to finance government goods and services 3)When overall demand is large, reduction of income and spending
On average, what percentage will be saved of your cooling costs by closing off air conditioning vents in an unoccupied room?	5-10 %
Accessory dwelling	Accessory dwelling units, or ADUs, are second dwelling units created on a lot with an existing house or attached house. They're often referred to as mother-in-law apartments, granny flats or studio apartments.
Arterial street	An arterial road is a major thoroughfare of both local and regional significance designed to provide perimeter access to smaller local street systems.
Robert C. Weaver	he served as the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (H.U.D.) from 1966 to 1968.
Marsh	This is a type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.
Parking Generation	Parking Generation is a document prepared by the Institute of Transportation Engineers that summarizes a collection of parking demand data observations made all over the world by land use type.
Accessory uses	Accessory uses are uses of land that are found on the same parcel as the principal use but are subordinate and incidental. The term "accessory use" also applies to accessory structures.
In an energy efficient home, one may find that they have a water system that is a gravity feed system, approximately how many feet should the water storage be above the point of use?	70 feet
"a budget...may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached."	Aaron Wildavsky- was a scholar on budgeting and budget theory.
Negative public reaction was a result of what proposal brought forth by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation?	Six new World Trade Center Proposals
Statistical process control (SPC)	SPC is applied in order to monitor and control a process. Monitoring and controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full potential.
Urbanized Area	an area consisting of a central place(s) and adjacent territory with a general population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile of land area. Also, this land area has a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people.
The Endangered Species Act	1973
What body of water is to be cleaned up where General Electric and the Superfund Law are involved?	Hudson River
Groundwater	the supply of freshwater under the earth's surface in an aquifer or soil that forms the natural reservoir
aquifer	an underground bed or stratum of earth, gravel or porous stone that contains water
According to the Federal Highway Administration's "Concepts, Criteria, and Procedures", local streets can be described as	providing direct access to the adjacent land and access to the higher classified roads- Carry no through traffic movement
According to the 2010 US Census, what is home ownership percentage?	65% of units are owner occupied according to the 2010 US Census
Township system of land description	Townships are subdivided into sections.Each township is six miles by six miles, township contains 36 square miles, each one forming a section. Sections are further divided into quarters-
The use of boycotts and marches is associated with which of the following?	Alinsky's Organizations
What is the total acreage of land in federal indian reservations in the United States?	According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs "Approximately 56.2 million acres are held in trust by the United States for various Indian tribes and individuals.
one square mile to acre?	one square mile is 640 acres.
Composite method for estimating populations	taking various age groups and determines the estimate for each, then aggregates them together.
Constant share technique	assumes that the portion of a sample type (people, age, occupation...)in a given population/are will remain same over time.
flood plain map	shows the vulnerability of a flood according to the 100 year flood. Agency responsible is The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Soil map	showing the distribution of soil type or other soil mapping units in relation to the prominent and cultural features of the earth's surface
Soil profile	A cross section of the earth's showing the makeup of the soil layers
Agency responsible for soil map database	NRCS( National Resource Conservation Service) division of US Dep of agriculture
USGS orthophoto	An aerial photograph that has been altered in such a way that the lens distortions are removed & so that it may be scaled for mapping purposes. (1:12000)
Electronic Town Meeting	Electronic tool used to gather public feedback on the WTC proposals
Only map to cover the entire US in detail	USGS topographic map
slope of 0- 0.5 %	No drainage- not suited for development
slop of 0.5 - 1 %	No problems- ideal for all types of development
slope of 1- 3 %	slight problems for large commercial areas- acceptable for residential
Slop of 3-5 %	Major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential
Slop of 5 - 10 %	suitable only for specially designed development
household income	defined in terms of the amount of income they earn relative to 100% of the area median income
Area Median Income (AMI)	refers to the middle or midpoint income for particular area
Moderate income household	earn between 80- 120% of area median income
Low income household	earn between 50-80 % of area median income
very low income household	earn no more than 50 % of area median income
poverty threshold	used for calculating all official poverty population statistics
poverty guidelines	simplified version used for administrative purposes e.g. determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs .
poverty rate	12.6 percent (increased for 4 years from 2000-2004)
Average per capita method	divides the total local budget by the exicting population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. Type of fiscal impact analysis.
Adjusted per capita method	Type of fiscal impact analysis- varies fiscal impact based on expectations about the new development.
Disagregated per capita method	type of fiscal impact analysis- estimates the cost and revenues based on major land uses.
dynamic method	type of fiscal impact analysis- applies statistical analysis to series data from a jurisdiction.
public land survey system	land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships, six miles on a side. Each of these townships was subdivided into thirty six sections of one square mile or 640 acres (259 hectares)
TIGER files include	roads, census block, census tracks
Economic opportunity act of 1964	authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. These agencies are directly regulated by the federal government. required that all programs be conducted and developed with max participation of the people
Where/when was the first regional planning agency founded?	Atlanta, 1949, Atlanta Metropolitan Council
What was the significance of Stuart Chapin's Urban Land Use Planning?	The first textbook on planning presenting a holistic methodology for creating a plan
What is a capital facilities plan?	A plan for roads, bridges, sewer lines; estimates future needs and sources of funding, 5-6 year schedule
What is the role of the planning commission?	Makes recommendations to the city governing body on short- and long-range planning, development review, etc
What is the role of the ZBA?	Makes recommendation to governing body on variances, special use permits, appeals of decisions made by zoning officer
What is the role of the planning director?	-communication of agency goals to subordinates -motivation of subordinates -reporting the agency's work and accomplishments
What is a decision matrix?	This approach uses a table, with various alternatives in the rows and various impact factors in the columns. Factors are weighted and different possible outcomes are compared.
census 2010 Rate of Response	74%
census 2000 Rate of Response	65%
% of people living in Urbanized area (2010)	68%
NIACS	north American industry classification system -six digit code
UDAG	urban development action grant (1978-1989) grants to cites and urban counties which are experiencing sever economic distress to help stimulate economic development activity to aid in economic recovery
four main parts of ED	1) retaining existing businesses and industry 2) attracting businesses 3) nurturing small and start up businesses 4) developing and financing facilities that help capture businesses or recycle local funds
ED focused on ------through the 70's but now focuses on -------.	manufacturing jobs through the 1970s but is shifting now toward service sector jobs, smaller businesses, and entrepreneurial ventures.
10 leading economic indicators	unemployment- housing starts- consumer price index (a measure of inflation), industrial production- bankruptcies- gross domestic product- broadband internet penetration- retail sales- stock market prices- and money supply changes
major geographic shifts based on economic activity	- move from older manufacturing towns to sunbelts- move from urban core to suburbs and exurbs- now in the midst of the back to the city movement- large metro areas to non metro communities
small business administration (SBA)	makes loans directly to businesses and acts as guarantor on bank loans, also makes loans to victims of natural disasters, work to get government procurement contracts for small businesses assists businesses with management, technical and training issues
grant thornton	business climate ranking of the 48 states, NC rated top business climate
push analysis	determines sales capacity of a market area-it determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers
title 32 district	metro district to provide ambulance services, fire protection, hospital, mosquito control, park and recreation- safety protection- sanitation, street improvements, television. General improvement district
Telecommunications Act	1996 Clinton -the first major overhaul of United states amending communication act of 1934- h allowed for media cross-ownership
New Markets tax credits	provides tax credit incentives to investors for investing in communities that are economically distressed or have low income populations
Telecom hotels	A building that houses hundreds and thousands of web servers for web hosting organizations, large enterprises and other service organizations
revolving loan fund	a pool of public and private sector funds that recycles money as loans are repaid.
This is a discharge of pollutants into the environment (most commonly water), partially or completely treated or in its natural state.	Effluent
When was the Clean Air Act of 1970 last amended?	1990
According to an EPA source cited in Planning Magazine, What State has the highest number of endangered species?	Hawaii
On average, lowering your thermostat by as little as 1° F typically reduces your heating bill by what percent?	1-3%
A home can save on average a reduction in heating costs by sealing leaks in ducts by up to how much percent?	20%
This type of land use can be described as those that are allowed by right.	Principal Use
was asked on the 1990 census but not on the 2000 census?	source of water
On a surface lot, angles of 60-65 degrees can be reconfigured to fit what percent of increase in vehicles at an angle of 75-90 degrees?	20-25 percent
Federal Communications Commission v. Florida Power Corporation(1987)	The Court found that a taking had not occurred. The public utilities challenged a federal statute that authorized the Federal Communications Commission to regulate rents charged by utilities to cable TV operators for the use of utility poles.
According to the ITE's "Parking Generation", which of the following has a peak parking space factor of 0.67 - 3.5 parking spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. of GLA?	industrial
A township Square is used in described land in the Government Survey method, how big is a township square?	36 Square miles
Federal Property Administration Act of 1949	The disposal of Federal Property by the US Government- established the General Services Administration (GSA).
A major change in the 2000 Census related to the collection of what type of information?	race and Hispanic origin
In 2000, it is estimated that there was this many people per square mile living in the United States.	79.6
According to the 2000 US Census, what is true about North Dakota?	had the lowest population gain
n Portland, what have city maintenance trucks done to save energy?	carry solar panels
Between 1992 and 1997, what State lost the most high quality agriculture land (489,000 acres) to development.	Texas
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (2002)	Does a moratorium on development imposed during the process of devising a comprehensive land-use plan constitutes a per se taking of property requiring compensation under the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause? No
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)	permitting system for all point sources of water pollution
Percolation Test	Used for septic tank design -Deep Trench Testing -Tile Field Testing -Sandmound testing
Estuary	Tidal mouth of a river, where the tide meets the stream
Hoshin Planning	(also called Policy Deployment) is a method for ensuring that the strategic goals of a company drive progress and action at every level within that company. This eliminates the waste that comes from inconsistent direction and poor communication.
Oligotrophic Lakes	Oligotrophic Lakes can be defined as deep lakes that have a low supply of nutrients and thus contain little organic matter. These lakes are often characterized by high water transparency and high dissolved oxygen.
Level of Service	A: Free Flow B:Reasonably Free Flow C: Stable Flow D:Approaching Unstable Flow E: Unstable Flow F:Forced or Breakdown Flow
Level of Service A	Free Flow - high operating speed with no delays
Level of Service B	Reasonably Free Flow
Level of Service C	Stable Flow - moderate delays and speed determined by traffic
Level of Service D	Approaching Unstable Flow
Level of Service E	Unstable Flow - near capacity, limited speed, long delays
Level of Service F	Forced or Breakdown Flow - very low speeds, frequent stops, volume greater than capacity
Riparian Rights	All landowners whose properties adjoin a body of water have the right to make reasonable use of it as it flows through or over their properties.
Management by Objective (1954)	Peter Drucker Process of defining specific objectives within an organization that management can convey to organization members, then deciding on how to achieve each objective in sequence
PSD (Prevention of Significant Deterioration)	Applies to new major sources at existing sources for pollutants where the source is located is in attainment. Requires:-installation of the "Best Available Control Technology" (BACT);-an air quality analysis;-an additional impacts analysis; -public invol
CCA (Community Character Act)	provide a much needed incentive to help states and localities initiate and implement smart growth planning strategies. This legislation recognizes that the federal government can be a partner with localities in building great places without intrusive fede
Watershed	Watersheds are topographic areas within which apparent surface water runoff drains to a specific point on a stream or to a water body such as a lake.
Generation List	Lost Generation: World War 1 Greatest Generation: World War 2 Silent Generation: Korean and Vietnam Wars Baby Boomers: Post World War 2 Gen X: Post Baby Boom Millenials (Gen Y):Early 1980s-Early 2000s Generation Z (Founders)
Concurrency	For a development to "be concurrent" or "meet concurrency" the local government must have enough infrastructure capacity to serve each proposed development.
Arterial street	An arterial road is a major thoroughfare of both local and regional significance designed to provide perimeter access to smaller local street systems.
Collector Street	A collector road or distributor road is a low-to-moderate-capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads.
Expressway	a highway designed for fast traffic, with controlled entrance and exit, a dividing strip between the traffic in opposite directions, and typically two or more lanes in each direction.
What is the lowest point (elevation) in the US?	Death Valley, Calif.
What State's coastal wetland's are disappearing at a rate of 25 square miles/year?	Louisiana
According to the US Census, what can be described as the smallest geographic unit for which the Census Bureau tabulates 100-percent data?	Census Block
Who wrote "The Intelligence of Democracy (1965)"?	Charles Lindblom
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act was passed in which year?	1991- posed a major change to transportation planning and policy, as the first U.S. federal legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era.
Which of the following deals with the amount of stormwater runoff after the development of a site?	Zero Discharge
What type of washing machine that is front loading, common in Europe, and uses less energy and water.	H-axis
Who designed Hampstead Garden suburb near London?	Sir Raymond Unwin
The San Diego Regional Energy Office has a "Cool Savings for Cool Roofs" program that does which of the following?	gives incentives to building owners that install reflective roofing materials, that lower air conditioning loads
The 1956 Federal Highway Act...	1)was created by Congress 2)created the interstate highway system 3) created the interstate highway system that linked all State Capitals and most cities over 50,000 population
This is a technique that involves citizens addressing citizens regarding a proposal through a workshop format.	Fishbowl Planning
Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972) dealt with...	performance standards that could take up to 18 years
How many tribes are federally recognized in the US?	562- approximately 56 million acres of land are held in trust for Native American tribes and individuals - for reservations not on trust land, the Secretary of the Interior serves as trustee
Of the top ten cities in the US, which had the largest percentage of population growth from 1990-2000?	Phoenix, Ariz.
What can be described as a technique to find the optimum design solution for a project?	Linear Programming
What group issued a report called the "New Economy and Jobs/Housing Balance in Southern California'?	Southern California Association of Governments
In what year did President Clinton create eight new national monuments and expanded one other?	2000
What is the width of a standard stall in a surface lot?	8-9 feet
This is a pond, lake, tank or basin, natural or man-made, that can be used for the regulation, storage and control of water.	Reservoir
In 2000, 80.3% of Americans lived in these areas?	metropolitan
Which type of roadway can be described as interconnecting the principal arterials while providing less mobility and a moderate amount of land access, distributing travel to smaller areas?	minor arterials
This Supreme Court Case stressed that the police power is one of the most essential, and "least limitable," powers of government.	Hadacheck v. Sebastian
What is the name of the proposal that involves tearing down the farm fences in the Great Plains and replanting native grass and restore the buffalo?	Buffalo Commons
numbers to know	640 acres in a square mile- 5280 feet in a linear mile- 43560 square feet in an acre
1964 Economic Opportunity Act	as part of the War on Poverty. engaging public in decision making-
United States adults average ____ minutes a day driving.	72
The Supreme Court ruled that to survive scrutiny under the Takings Clause, the dedication must be "roughly proportional" to the expected impact of the proposed development in what case?	Dolan v. City of Tigard
The symptomatic approach to calculating population utilizes changes in obtainable data that are predictive of population changes as a whole. Which of the following could be used to estimate current population?	I. Building Permits II. New Telephone Hookups III. New Electric Meters IV. Voter Registration
Relating to a public planning agency, which of the following deals primarily with direct services?	Line function
What case dealt with governments putting conditions on a development approval on the provisions of services?	Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972)
Relating to an internal planning agency organization, Organization by Process could be described as which of the following?	organized around the basic skills in a planning agency
What was the original name of the much anticipated invention by Dean Kamen that was revealed to the public in December 2001?	IT
Which of the following requires addressing "Five Big Questions"?	Environmental Impact Statements
The Census Survey of Construction shows that the average new home changed from 1,500 square feet in 1970, to _______ square feet in 2000.	2,266
What is the range for the average size of large auto racing tracks (e.g.: NASCAR) in the United States?	400-over 1,000 acres
What year was the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) passed?	1991
In planning and budgeting systems, which can be described as having its focus on evaluating and ranking outputs by program?	Project Management
The 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act....	1)was part of President Johnson's "Great Society" program 2)started the "Model Cities" program 3)included a historic preservation portion
The 1947 Housing and Home Financing Agency was...	1) a predecessor of HUD 2)created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs
According to the 2000 US Census, what state showed the highest rate of growth in Hispanic population?	North Carolina
Relating to an internal planning agency organization, which of the following could be described as being organized around the physical areas of responsibility of the agency?	Organization by Geographic Area
According to the ITE's "Parking Generation", which of the following has a peak parking space factor of 0.10 - 0.75 parking spaces per employee?	office and medical centers
What year was the first elevator installed in the United States?	1850
Linear Programming can be described as which of the following?	a technique to find the optimum design solution for a project
The Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters (1987) shows that the average vehicle trip per unit is the highest for which of the following?	single family residential

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