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Exam 1 Psy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Of the following correlation coefficients, the one that would allow the most accurate predictions of one variable based on the other variable would be | +1.00 |
| In Pavlov's principle experiment, if a dog salivates after hearing a tone the salivation would be the | conditioned response |
| True or false. Developmental psychologists generally focus on the study of interpersonal behavior and the role that social forces take in governing behavior. | False |
| Benjamin was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. now he finds himself smiling whenever he smells cinnamon rolls baking. The smell of the cinnamon rolls is ____ for his positive feelings. | a conditioned stimulus |
| While ____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, ____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning | Pavlov, Skinner |
| The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is | Wilhelm Wundt |
| As the number of bystanders' increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are | Negatively correlated |
| A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other in order to reduce the effects of | extraneous variables |
| The emerging field in psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experience is | positive psychology |
| You are sitting on a park bench in a major metropolitan area from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. and you note the number of people who walk by, whether or not they litter, and their gender. You are engaging in | naturalistic observation |
| Half of the children are in a class where the temp is a warm 88 degrees and half are in a class where the temp is a normal 77 degrees. Then measures the # of incidents that occur in each class. In this study the children in the normal temp class are the | experimental group |
| Which of the following is not included in the definition of learning? | learning is an automatic process |
| If you wanted to teach your pet parakeet to give you a kiss on the cheek, which technique would be most effective? | shaping |
| True or False. Concerns about the use of punishment as a disciplinary measure include concerns about side effects including anxiety, anger and resentment. | True |
| Sally is a psychologist interested in improving curriculum design, achievement testing, and teacher training. What type of psychologist is Sally? | an educational psychologist |
| Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to | fear the dentist |
| In Pavlov's principle experiment, when the dog salivated after receiving meat powder, the salivation was the | Unconditioned response |
| Which of the following psychologists would have been most likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"? | B. F. Skinner |
| Positive reinforcement involves | the presentation of a pleasant stimulus |
| When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of | stimulus generalization |
| In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given | variable number of nonreinforced responses. |
| In scientific investigations a researcher must clearly define the variables under study by precisely describing how they will be measured or controlled. These definitions are referred to as | operational definitions |
| Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called | psychoanalysis |
| According to the definition of psychology that appears in your textbook, psychology is both | a science and a profession |
| The scientific approach assumes that | events are governed by some lawful order |
| Perhaps the greatest advantage associated with descriptive research methods is | the ability to explore questions that cannot be examined using experimental procedures |
| True or False. If a rat receives a brief shock after pressing a lever, the procedure illustrates negative reinforcement. | True |
| Conclusions concerning cause and effect relationships are only possible when the ____ method is used. | experimental |
| Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate to the sound of a tone. He then paired a light with the tone until the dog salivated to the light alone. This is an example of | higher-order conditioning |
| If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, the dependent variable is the | rate of productivity |
| The two disciplines from which psychology developed were | philosophy and physiology |
| Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. We can say, therefore, that psychology is | empirical |
| How are punishment and negative reinforcement different? | Punishment decreases the frequency of behavior while negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior. |
| Nature is to nurture as | heredity is to environment |
| Watson believed that psychology should | only study observable behavior |
| Descriptive/correlational research methods allow researchers to | examine whether there is a link or association between variables being studied |
| The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is | observational learning |
| Primary reinforcers are effective because | they satisfy biological needs |
| Which of the following "schools" of psychology was most influential in increasing the use of animals in psychological research? | behaviorism |
| A(n) ____________________ is a research method in which the researcher manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and measures whether any changes occur in a second variable. | experiment |
| According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that | are followed by favorable consequences |
| If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, the independent variable is the | loudness of the music being played |
| discussion with your prof she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. What historical schools of thought is your professor's idea most indicative of? | structuralism |
| Pavlov believed that the acquisition of a conditioned response depended on | the stimulus contiguity of the CS and UCS |
| When individuals in a research study experience some change even though they received an ineffectual treatment, they are displaying ____________________ effects. | placebo |
| Nancy has a headache; she takes some aspirin and the headache goes away. Nancy is more likely to take aspirin again. This is an example of | negative reinforcement |
| Last year Becky went to a psychologist and cured her dog phobia. Today, however, while jogging in the park she was overcome with anxiety when she saw a young man jogging toward her with his golden retriever on a leash. Apparently, Becky's dog phobia | showed spontaneous recovery |
| According to the ethical guidelines for psychological research with humans, if you agree to be a participant in a research study you would understand that you | have to commit to participating in the entire research study |
| The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, is | humanism |
| Organisms typically continue to make operant responses, even when those responses are no longer reinforced. This continued responding is called | resistance to extinction |
| The contingencies are as follows: if the response occurs, a stimulus is presented; if the response does not occur, the stimulus is not presented. Under this procedure the strength of the response decreases. What procedure is being used? | punishment |
| If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her | sensory memory |
| The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus | used very meaningless materials |
| Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is | storage |
| The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of | partial retrieval |
| they both have amnesia. Rick cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Ron cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Rick suffers from ____ amnesia and Ron from ____ amnesia. | retrograde; anterograde |
| consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts | A semantic network |
| describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates | the role of schemas in long-term memory |
| Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)? | functional |
| Most students find recognition tests easier than recall tests because ____ tests provide ____. | recognition; retrieval cues |
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Btran573