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Science
Guided Notes - Chapter 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| We depend on the use of ________________ resources in almost every as of our daily life. | mineral |
| Our ________on minerals has not come without a ______ | dependence, price |
| Our current challenge is to _________________ the ___________ that an ever-increasing world ______ demands at ______ costs to the ______ | obtain, minerals, population, minimal, enviornment |
| What is a mineral | a naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure and a characteristic set of physical properties |
| Mineral are made up of _____ of a single element or of ____________. | atoms, compounds |
| A compound consist of ______ of two or more elements ______ bonded together | atoms, chemically |
| The atoms that make up minerals are arranged in _______ | regular, repeating geometric patterns |
| What determines the physical properties of minerals? | arrangement of atoms and with the strength of the chemical bonds between them |
| Some elements called Native elements are considered______ | minerals |
| What are two native elements | gold and copper |
| Most mineral are ______ | compounds |
| What mineral is made up of silica | quartz |
| Quartz is made up of silica which consist of one _____ atom and two ______ | silicon, oxygen |
| An ore mineral is a mineral that contains one or more ______ of ______value | elements, economic |
| During the mining process ______ minerals, mineral with not commercial value are extracted with _______ minerals | gangue, ore |
| Ore minerals are separated from ______ minerals | gangue |
| Once ore minerals are separated, they (ore minerals) are refined using various methods to extract the ________ elements they contain. | valuable |
| Fore mining to be profitable, the price of the final product should be ___________ than the costs of _______________ and __________. | greater, extraction and refining |
| Ore minerals are either _________ or ___________ | metalic, nonmetalic |
| What are the characteristics of metals | can conduct electricity, have shinny surface, are opague |
| Many valuable metallic minerals are native elements such as | gold and copper |
| Other important ore minerals are compounds of __________ minerals and ____________ ___ | metallic, nonmetallic elements |
| Nonmetallic minerals | good insulators, have shinny or dull surfaces |
| What are the characteristics of nonmetallic minerals | good insulators, may have shinny or dull surface, may allow light to flow through |
| What can be native elements or compounds | Nonmetallic minerals |
| Economically important order deposits from in a variety of ways. How do they form? | on the surface and beneath earth''s surface |
| The type of minerals that form depend on what to form? | environment |
| What are two ways minerals form? | Hydrothermal environment and evaporites |
| What solutions dissolve minerals as they flow through cracks of rocks? | Hydrothermal |
| When hydrothermal solutions flows through cracks of rocks and dissolves minerals they come in contact with, new minerals cystallize out of these solutions and then fill fractures to form ore deposits called_____________ | veins |
| What is a perfect example of a metallic mineral that forms in a vein? | gold |
| What are some examples of Hydrothermal Minerals | magnetite, calcite, galena, sphalerite |
| When water in the seas and lakes evaporate, they leave behind __________ | deposits of salts called evaproites |
| Where do evaporites form | arid regions where rates of evaporation are high |
| What are important evaporite minerals? | Halite (rock salt) and gypsum |
| Certain metals are of major ____ and _____ importance | economic, industrial |
| How can some metals be shaped or stretched very thinly without breaking? | pounding or pressing into various shapes |
| Some metals can conduct what well? | electricity |
| Two or more metals are used to form? | alloys |
| Why are alloys important? | because they combine the most desirable properties of the metals used to make them |
| What is among the most widely used minerals in the world? | Nonmetals |
| What is used to make building material such as wallboad or concrete? | gypsum |
| What is used to make gemstones? | nonmetalic minerals |
| Gemstones are prized for what? | beauty or durability |
| List of important gemstones? | diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, aquamarine, topaz and tourmaline |
| What is subsurface mining | a mining method in which soil & rocks are removed to reach underlying coal or minerals |
| What is subsurface mining used for? | to mine ore deposits that are 50 m or more beneath earth's surface |
| What is a common method of subsurface mining? | room and pillar mining |
| Room and Pillar mining are used to extract? | salt and coal |
| What is the method of using room and pillar extracting | a network of entries called rooms are cut into a seam, a horizontal layer of coal. Between the rooms pillars of coal are left standing to support the room. When mining of the room is complete, pillars are removed starting with the farthest first |
| What is a more efficient method of removing coal from a subsurface seam | longwall mining |
| When longwall mining what machine is used to remove coal from the face of the coal seam | shearer |
| When coal is sheared from the longwall, how is transported out of the mine | conveyer |
| How are miners and their equipment are protected | by a row of hydraulic roof supports |
| What is solution mining | an economical method to mine for deposits of soluble mineral ores, such as potash, salt and sulfur |
| Solution mining is used to mine what mineral ores | potash, salt and sulfur |
| How does solution mining dissolve the ore | by injecting it with hot water. Then compressed air is pumped into the dissolved ore and air bubbles lift it to the surface |
| What is surface mining | a mining method in which soil and rocks are removed to reach underlying coal and minerals |
| When is surface mining used | when ore deposits are located close to the earth's surface |
| What mineral are mined using open pit mining | large quantities of non-surface ores like coal gold and copper. |
| In open pit mining how are order mined? | downward layer by layer |
| In open pit mining what is used to break up the ore | explosives |
| Explosives are used to break up ores so that they can be _____ | hauled out by trucks |
| Some ores like gold are taken to heap leaching pads, Why? | to be extracted with chemicals |
| What is used to mine near surface material such as building stone, crushed rock, sand and gravel | Open pits, called quarries |
| What are the principal commodities produced by quarring? | Aggregates, which are sand, gravel and crushed rock |
| Quarries also produce large quantities of ___ | clay, gypsum and talc |
| What is solar evaporation | evaporation process consists of placing sea water, which is about 2.7% sodium chloride into enormous shallow ponds |
| The sun evaporates sea water which causes? | the NaCl concentration to increase |
| When NaCl concentration reaches a little over 25% what forms? | Crystalline sale or halite |
| What percentage of the world's salt comes from solar evaporation? | 30% |
| Evaporation continues until when? | until a layer of desired thickness is reach, and the salt is harvested. |
| Solar Evaporation is used for salt production where? | in areas that receive little rainfall but have high evaporation rates |
| What places is solar evaporation practical? | in places such as along the Mediterranean Sea on Bay and in Australia because evaporation exceeds rainfall |
| What is placer deposits | deposits that contain valuable minerals that have been concentrated by mechanical action |
| How are placer gold, diamonds and heavy minerals mined | by dredging |
| What is the most important placer deposits | stream placers |
| What is smelting | the melting or fusing of ore in order to separate impurities from pure metal |
| What is the smelting process | a process in which crushed ores are melted at high temperatures in furnaces to separate impurities from molten metal. |
Created by:
Mel Doucet