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Mamm Review Question
Mammography Review Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What target filtration combination in analog imaging provides the best penetration for dense or thick breast? | Rhodium target with rhodium filtration |
| The material used for the exit port of the mammography tube is necessary because: | Regular glass would harden the emerging beam |
| The intensity of the xray beam from the cathode side of the tube is generally higher because: | The heel effect causes variation in the intensity of the xray beam |
| The design of the lip of the compression paddle does not effect: | Greater compression of the anterior breast tissue |
| The primary goal of compression is: | Allow uniform penetration of structures within the breast |
| What features of the high-transmission cellular grid allow these grids to maintain equal or less radiation dose to the pt when compared to the linear grids? | They have copper as the strips and air as the interspace material |
| The grid ratio can vary in modern mammography units. A common grid ratio used is: | 4:1 |
| The chest wall edge of the compression paddle should be aligned just beyond the chest wall edge of the detector to: | Avoid projecting the chest wall edge of the paddle on the mammogram |
| What affects focal spot size? | Angle of the anode |
| In mammography the commonly used focal spot size for routine work is: | 0.3mm |
| Which mammographic quality control test is performed quarterly? | Repeat Analysis |
| The general criteria to pass the ACR Accreditation phantom imaging requires a minimum of how many masses? | 3 |
| One of the 2 reasons towels are used in the compression test is: | To protect the detector and compression plate |
| For the repeat analysis to be meaningful, a patient volume of how many is needed? | 250 |
| After examing a phantom image, the fibers or masses has changed significantly, what step do you take? | Repeat the test |
| Repeats are: | Images that involve exposure to the patient |
| If a mammography site sees 200 pts per week, the repeat/reject analysis could be performed every: | 3 month |
| Mammography facilities can recive certification from: | The FDA SAC state |
| Aluminum filtration is likely to be matched with what type of targets? | Tungsten |
| If any of the visual checks fail, the first step is to: | Correct or replace the item |
| Digital images can be viewed on a computer monitor or printed using: | Dry laser technology |
| A single binary digit of data such as "0" or "1" is called a: | Bit |
| Greater magnification will require the use of: | Smaller focal spot |
| A grid is not necessary during magnfication because: | The large OID produces the same effect as a grid |
| The air gap in magnification allows increase subject contrast by: | Reducing scatter |
| If magnification mamm. is performed without using a small focal spot, the image will be magnified and: | Blurred |
| At higher magnification factors there is: | Higher skin dose Decreased SOD (Source to object distance) |
| Magnification is beneficial for the following situations: | Imaging surgical site of lumpectomy Imaging specimen radiograph Evaluating microcalcification in a lesion |
| Using a small focal spot size is recommended for magnification to: | To compensate for the loss of image detail |
| The greatest disadvantage of magnification is: | Increased patient dose |
| If the back-up time stops a breast exposure, the mammographer can repeat the image using: | A higher kVp setting |
| The type of xrays created from displacement of the K-shell binding electrons in the molybdenum atom are called: | Characteristic radiation |
| The function of the filter in mammography is to remove: | Photon energies above and below the range needed for breast imaging |
| A recommended labeling for the mammographic image that is not required by the MQSA is: | Technical factors |
| Lack of breast compression is most likely to cause: | Motion unsharpness |
| How long should a facility maintain records of serious complaints? | 3 years |
| A digital imaging test of the printer could include the: | SMPTE test |
| Which of the following system is likely to have a slit collimator system instead of a grid? | Micro Dose photon-counting systems |
| Aluminum is used as the filtration in: | Digital breast tomosynthesis tubes with tungsten targets |
| The detector element is located in the: | TFT (Thin-film transistor) |
| A lesion located in the UOQ of the right breast is located in what position: | 10 o'clock position |
| Morgangni tubercles are usually found where: | On the areola |
| An inverted nipple: | Somtimes indicates breast cancer |
| The most mobile margins of the breast are: | Inferior and lateral aspects |
| The normal breast may have how many lobes: | 15-20 lobes |
| The structure that supports the breast and contributes to breast shape is called: | Cooper ligament |
| The breast extends vertically from which area: | 2nd - 6th rib |
| The thickest portion of the breast is at the: | Tail of Spence |
| Cooper ligaments attach anteriorly to the: | Fascia of the skin |
| Fatty tissue is ________ and on the mammogram seen as areas of ________ optical density | Radiolucent/higher |
| A pt with dense fibrous and glandular tissue throughout the entire breast on a baseline mammogram is typically what age: | Below 45 |
| Glandular tissue is usually found in what area of the breast: | Central and upper outer quadrant |
| Lymph drainage from the medial half of the breast is generally directed to which nodes: | Internal mammary lymph nodes |
| Immediately behind the nipple, there is a widened area of the collecting duct called the: | Lactiferous sinus |
| The portion of the breast that holds the milk-producing element is the: | Lobule |
| Veins are normally located: | In the periphery of the breast |
| The TDLU consists of: | ETDs (extralobular terminal ducts) ITDs (intralobular terminal ducts) |
| A patient began taking HRT 6 months prior to her current mammogram. The mammogram is most likely to: | Show increased glandular tissue when compared to her previous mammogram |
| A baseline mammogram shows that the pts breast consists primarily of adipose tissue. This patient is most likely to be of what age: | Above 60 |
| A pt is to have a routine baseline mammogram, but is lactating. What should be done and why? | Lactation results in increased glandularity; the mammogram should be postponed |
| The CC mammograms of a woman prior to menopause and 1 year after menopause are compared, without use of HRT. What is the most likely difference? | The mammogram taken after the onset of menopause shows signs of atrophy |
| What will affect the ratio of glandular tissue to total beast tissue? | Genetics Total body adipose tissue Drastic weight gain or loss Weight loss or gain |
| HRT could be recommended to help with: | Relieve insomnia symptoms Prevent osteoporosis |
| A woman is referred to as nullipara. This means: | The woman has never given birth |
| An asymptomatic patient presents with an oval, lobulated tumor with unsharp margins. There is no halo sign. | The lesion could be malignant |
| Characteristics of a malignant stellate tumor include: | Presence of a central tumor mass Larger the tumor, the longer the spicules |
| What can sometimes be mistaken for carcinoma and is usually not associated with skin or dimpling over the lesion: | Postsurgical scaring |
| A mammogram shows a low-density radiopaque tumor. It is oval, lobulated, and a halo is seen along 1 border only. The next step is: | Ultrasound |
| A galactocele is associated with: | Lactation (Nursing) |
| A huge encapsulated lesion occupying the entire breast is called a: | Lipoma (fatty tumor) |
| A rare form of cancer that presents with swelling, warmth, or erythema and mammographically with skin thickening describes: | Inflammatory carcinoma |
| Sometimes described as an oil cyst, this lesion represents an encapsulated area on the mamm. and can be caused by surgery, biopsy, trauma, or radiation therapy: | Fat necrosis |
| A benign self-limiting breast tumor that is the result of new disorganized cell growth is: | Hamartoma |
| An infusa-port can be used to: | Allow repeated access to the venous system |
| T/F: Compression increases the uniformity of the breast, making diagnosis easier | True |
| The maximum compression force applied to the breast should not exceed: A) 111 N (25lb) B) 178 N (40lb) C) 200 N (45lb) D) None of the above | None of the above. Compression force depends on size and sensitivity of pt |
| In assessing the degree of compression for any one pt, the mammographer should take into consideration: | The max to which the pts breast can be compressed The amount of compression the pt can tolerate |
| Manual compression in mammography depends on: | Breast size and the pts pain tolerance |
| Some considerations that could be given to women with painful breasts include: | Take Ibuprofen before mammogram Explain importance of compression before exam |
| When imaging using the FB, the area of the breast that will likely be missed is the: | Posterior |
| Compression allows reduced radiation to the breast by: | Decreasing breast thickeness |
| What principles does compression use to visualize the borders of circumscribed lesions: | Brings the lesions closer to the detector Spreads apart overlapping tissue Separates superimposed areas of glandular tissue |
| Ideally, breast compression is maximized when: | Pt has explanation of compression, to increase pt cooperation Pt understand advantage of compression reducing radiation dose |
| Magnification can be used to assess the: | Margins of a lesion |
| With calcification, magnification can be used to assess: | The number of calcs Morphology Distribution |
| The last degree of compression should be applied: | Using manual compression |
| Which projection is used to determine if a lesion is medial or lateral to the nipple: | CC - (craniocaudal) |
| If any breast tissue is poorly imaged on the MLO projection, it is likely to be: | Medial breast tissue |
| The length of the posterior nipple line (PNL), visualized on the CC, should be within how many centimeters of the PNL on the MLO: | 1.00 cm |
| Which of the following conditions must be met when imaging the breast in the MLO: | The pectoral muscle should extend to or below the PNL Visualized fat should be posterior to all the fibroglandular tissues The inframammary fold (IMF) should be open |
| In positioning for the CC projection, if the C-arm of the mammography unit is raised too high the IMF is overelevated, resulting in loss of: | Inferior breast tissue Posterior breast tissue |
| The single projection that will best visualize the maximum amount of breast tissue is the: | MLO (mediolateral oblique) |
| In general, when imaging tall, thin patients the angulation is adjusted to: | Close to 60 degrees |
| The position used to determine whether an abnormality is superior or inferior to the nipple is the: | MLO |
| The principle of mobile versus fixed tissue is used in mammography positioning to image the maximum: | Medial breast on the MLO projetion |
| In the CC projection of the breast, the detector is positioned: | At the level of the raised inframammary crease |
| In positioning for the MLO, the tube is always angled: | According to patients body habitus |
| When positioning for the right CC, where is the pts left arm placed: | Brought forward, holding the bar on unit |
| What is an alternative to the RMLO: | RLMO |
| Which projection is best used to visualize the tail of the breast: | AT (axillary tail) |
| Calcifications seen on the mammogram are suspected to be in the skin. The best projction necessary to prove this theory is the: | TAN (Tangential) |
| The projection best used to demonstrate details of the medial breast structures is: | LM (lateromedial) |
| A lesion on the lateral aspect of the breast is not seen on the CC. An additional projection used to image the lesion could be: | XCCL (extra craniocaudal) |
| Which proection can be used instead of the CC to image patients with severe kyphosis: | FB (From Below) |
| A lesion moved up on the ML projection from its original position on the MLO. The location of the lesion within the breast is: | Medial |
| Which projection can be used to prove breast calcifications are benign (teacup shaped): | ML |
| Which projection can be used to give a profile image of the area in question without superimposition of breast tissue: | TAN |
| A barrel-chested pt whose chest wall protrudes outward may have breast tissue extending laterally under the arm. What projection, used to image the breast with the beam directed superiorly to inferiorly, should be taken in addition to the CC: | XCCL |
| The FB projection can be useful in imaging: | Pt with kyphosis Abnormalities high on chest wall or superior aspect of breast |
| Why is the MLO preferred to the ML as a routing projection: | The ML pooly visualized the posterior and lateral breast |
| Which projection best shows the extreme medial aspect of the breast: | CV (clevage view) |
| In which modified projection is the superior aspect of the breast rolled medially: | RM (rolled medially) |
| In the LMO projection, th ebeam is directed from the: | Lower-outer aspect to the upper-inner aspect of the breast |
| Which projection is especially useful when analyzing calcification: | M (magnification) |
| In the RS position, the surface __________ the dectector is rolled _________. | Furthest from/superiorly |
| Which technique accurately describes how the breast is rolled for the RM: | The inferior surface is rolled laterally and the superior surface is rolled medially |
| A pt with pectus excavatum may present a positioning problem because the patient has: | Depressed sternum |
| In imaging the augmented breast in the CC position, using the implant-displaced technique, the breast tissue is pulled/pushed: | Anteriorly |
| A routine series on pts with encapsulated implants could include an additional projection such as the: | ML (mediolateral) |
| Which projection is used to spread out the tissue and improve resolution on a localized area of interest: | Spot compression |
| How many projections are routinely required to image a pt with implant augmented breasts: | 8 |
| When is imaging of the irradiated breast recommended: | 6-12 months after treatment |
| Which projections can be performed with any pt orientation, with or without magnification: | Spot compression |
| In addition to the routine series, many post-lumpectomy pts can also be imaged using which projection: | ML (mediolateral) |
| The "implant in place" projections taken on pts with breast implants require compression for: | Immobilization only |
| The surgical specimen is radiographed to: | Confirm the entire lesion was removed |
| The specimen is compressed to reduce: | Tissue thickness |
| Which procedure is performed to obtain cellular material from a suspicious area for cytological analysis: | (FNB) Fine-needle biopsy |
| Preoperative localization will: | Direct surgeon to the area requiring biopsy Help surgeon to excise a smaller specimen Ensure correct area is removed |
| Core biopsy techniques developed as an alternative to surgical biopsy because this technique provided a larger sample of the area of suspicion and thus more info than: | FNB (Fine Needle Biopsy) |
| An US of a lesion showed a spherical mass with smooth regular borders, anechoic interior, and acoustic enhancement. The lesion is likely to be: | Simple cyst |
| In US, the term acoustic enhancement refers to: | The amount of sound passing through an anechoic structure |
| A procedure whereby the lactiferous duct is cannulated and a small amount of contrast agent is injected into the duct is termed: | Ductography |
| A pt had an US, which confirmed the presence of a cyst in the breast. The radiologist wished to assess the contents. What additional study could be recommended? | FNA (Fine needle Aspiration) |
| Biopsy performed using a 14-gauge needle to remove tissue samples from the breast is termed: | Core biopsy |
| Stereotactic breast localizatoin is used to: | Calculate the horizontal, vertical and depth position of nonpalpable lesions |
| Which biopsy technique is most accurate: | Open surgical biopsy |
| In general, the optimal duration of Tamoxifen treatment is: | 5 Years |
| Lumpectomy describes the process of: | Removal of the breast cancer tumor and surrounding margins of normal breast |
| Radiation therapy can be used: | With other treatment options To kill any remaining cancer cells in the breast or chest wall To shrink the size of a tumor before surgery |
| Chemotherapy is a class of drugs that can be used to: | Kill cancer cells in other parts of the body |
| Breast reconstruction can involve the placement of small fluid-filled sacs behind the pectoral muscle. Two common types of such implants are: | Silicone and Saline implants |
| Chemotherapy: | Involves the use of drugs to treat cancer thay may have spread |
| A process of removing tissue and fat from the abdomen and transferring that tissue to reconstruct the breast is called: | DIEP (Deep inferior epigastric perforators flap) |
| Antiestrogen drugs such as Tamoxifen can be used to: | Slow or stop cancer growth Prevent breast cancer in high-risk women Prevent the recurrence of breast cancer |
| MRI imaging: | Uses complex magnetic properties of elements |
| Most of the risk of MR imaging of the breast are associated with: | Ferromagnetic metals |
| In breast cancer staging the patient was rated N1. This means: | The cancer is confined to 1-2 lymph nodes |
| Cyst aspiration describes the removal of: | Fluid from a cyst |
| If a breast lesion is seen only on the breast US, which modality shold be used when performing a biopsy of the lesion? | Ultrasound |
| The pathology review is: | A method of tracking and reviewing all positive findings |
| The technique used where by contrast is injected into the ducts to check for an abnormality is called: | Ductography |
| Cosmetic intervention could be considered: | Surgical reconstruction of the breast to increase its firmness |
| A process by which the breast size is increased using implants is called: | Augmentation mammoplasty |
| The removal of 1-3 axillary nodes for testing is included in: | Sentinel node biopsy |
| Specimen radiography confirms that: | The suspected lesion is in the tissue that was removed |
| What are side effects of radiation treatment: | Loss of appetite Fatigue Heaviness of the breast |
| A big advantage of brachytherapy over traditional radiation therapy treatments is: | Reduced time of treatment |
| Side effects of chemotherapy include: | Nausea and vomiting Reduced white cell counts |
| What is Tamoxifen? |
Created by:
ehalbhuber