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Ascp chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What formula correctly describes the relationship between absorbance and percent tea | Absorbance is proportional to the inverse a log of transmittance. A= -log T = log 1/T Ex: if %T = 10, then A = 2 - log 10.0, log10.0 = 1.0, A= 2-1= 1.0 |
| In absorption spectrophotometery... | Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. Beers law. |
| What is beers law? | Beers law: a solutions absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution. M1/A1 = M2/A2 or Concentration : directly proportional to amount of absorbed light or Inversely proportional to the log of the transmitted light |
| General ballpark wavelengths and their absorbencies... | Red 700, Orange 620, yellow 580, green 530, blue 470, violet 420. A solution transmits light corresponding to its wavelength AND absorbs light of wavelengths complimentary to its color |
| Which type of filter is best for measuring stray light? | Sharp cut off filters transmit almost all incident light until the cut off wavelength is reached. They give an "all or none affect", only stray light reaches the detector when the selected wavelength is beyond the cut off |
| What photodetector is most sensitive to low levels of light? | The photo multiplier tube uses dynodes of increasing voltage to amplify the current produced by the photosensitive cathode. |
| What condition is a common cause of stray light? | Dispersion from second order spectra. Straylight is caused by the presence of any light other than the wavelength of measurement reaching the detector. |
| Which type of monochromator produces the purest mono chromatic light in the ultraviolet range? | A prism and a variable exit slit |
| What is the most common cause of loss of linearity at a high analyte concentration? | Stray light is a greater % of the detector response One sample concentration is high |
| Which type of filter is best for measuring Straylight | Sharp cut off filters transmit almost all incident light until the cut off wavelength as reached |
| What material is best suited for verifying the wavelength calibration of a spectrophotometer? | Holmium oxide gas |
| Why do many optical systems and chemistry analyzers utilize a reference flight path? | |
| Henderson - Hadselbalch equation | pH= pka+ log (salt/acid) PH of a buffer is made up of a weak acid and its salt. Pka is the - log of the dissacistion constant of the acid |
| State the formula to convert %T to Absorbance. | A= 2- log %T |
| Which analytes are affected by gel separator material | Trace metals, drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants, phenytoin/ dilantin |
| Which analytes have a negative interference by hemolysis | ALP, amyl, bicarb, Bili, GGT, lipase, FE |
| Which analytes have a positive interference by hemolysis | AL T, AST, CK,L D, MG, PHOS, K, TP, TRIG, uric acid |
| Cellular leakage or hemolysis can affect which analytes... | Elevated K, mg2+, PO4, Fe, ammonia, LD |
| Which analytes are affected by lipemia | Increased: creatinine, biliruben, ALT, UIBC Ultracentrifugation may help or lipoclear however, do not report out: cholesterol, trig, bili, ALT, lipase |
| Icteric specimens can negatively affect | Creatinine, cholesterol... method dependent |
| How can EDTA affect specimens: | Reduce calcium and magnesium and color metric method, reduced ALP and CK, increase potassium or sodium depending on type of EDTA |
| Which analytes can be affected by non-fasting | Elevated glucose, GGT, triglycerides, lipid panel, gastrin, insulin, aldosterone/renin |
| Prolonged tourniquet | Elevated K+, protein, albumin, calcium, hgb Fe |
| Equation to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius | Degree C = ( DF-32/1.8) |
| Calculate the amount of 30% alcohol required to make 100 mils of 3% | (100mL)(0.03) = x(.30) X=10 |
| Calculate the amount of 10% NaCl required to repair 800 mils of .85% NaCl | V1 C1= V2C2 X10%=800mL(0.85%) X= 68mls |
| Prepare 1000 mL of .5 molar NaCl molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5 | (1000 mL) x ( 0.5 mol/ 1000 mL) x (58.5 g/ 1 mol) = 29.2 g of NaCl + 1 L h2on |
| What is standard deviation | Square root of the variance. The average distance that each data point in a normal distribution is from the mean |
| What is the confidence intervals for 1SD, 2SD,3SD | 1Sd: 68%, 2SD: 95%, 3SD: 99% |
| Coefficient of variation | sD expressed as a % of the mean SD/ mean * 100 = % |
| Precision | The ability to obtain the same value for repeated measurements of the sample |
| Accuracy | Debility to obtain the established or true value for a sample |
| Random here | Error varies from sample to sample |
| Systematic error | Error always in One Direction |
| Sensitivity | Smallest concentration that can be measured accurately and correctly predict the specific disease |
| Specificity | Ability to measure only the Analyte of interest in correctly predict individuals without a specific disease |
| ID the major cat ion in extracellular fluid | Sodium,it's major function is maintaining the normal water distribution and osmotic pressure of plasma |
| Identify the major cation in intracellular fluid | Potassium which regulates mini cellular function the neuromuscular excitation. The kidney regulates potassium levels via reabsorption in proximal tubule secretion in the distal tubule and collection ducts under The influence of aldosterone |
| Identify the major extracellular an ion | |
| What are 4 main analytical methods used in the clinical laboratory? | Spectrometry, luminescence, elecroanalytical methods, chromatography |
| What is photometry | Spectrometery... analytical method using light. Determines sample concentrations |
| Beers law equations: | % T= 1/10 x10 Or A= 2- log %T %T= incident of light/ incident of light output |
| Light source of a spectrophotometer? | Most common: quart halogen Or tungsten- halogen * sends light thru the instrument |
| Types of monochromaters | |
| Filters, prism, diffraction grating Isolates the light into the desired wavelength by excluding undesired wave links | |
| Spectrophotometer light sources | Most common: tungsten-halogen * quart- halogen : better quality Role:sends the light through the instrument |
| Spectrophotometer monochromator | Types: filters, prism, diffraction grating Role: isolates the light into desired wavelengths by excluding undesirable wavelengths |
| 4 types of chromatography | |
| 1:2s | Warning rule: evaluate previous controls when 1 observation exceeds the mean +\_2s limit. If no other rules are broken accept results |
| 1:3s | Reject when 1 observation exceeds the mean+\-s limit |
| 2:2s | Reject when 2 consecutive observation exceeds the same mean +2s limit or the same mean -2s limit |
| R:4s | Reject when 1 control observation in the run exceeds its mean +2s limit and the next exceeds its mean -2s ( the s points are mire than 4s apart) |
| 4:1s | Reject when 4 consecutive control observations exceed the same mean +1s limit or the same mean -1s limit |
| 10x | Reject when 10 consecutive observations fall on one side of the mean |
| T test | Comparison of the mean of 2 populations or 2 test method means.... used to compare ACCURACY |
| F test | Comtison of standard deviations of 2 populations or 2 test method standard deviations... used to compare PRECISION |
| Spectrophotometery | Light in a NARROW wavelength range |
| Bichromatic analysis | Light absorbance from 2 wavelengths |
| Flurometry | Light emitted from compounds that ABSORB ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. Become excited & rtn to E state slightly lower than their original E state |
| Turbidimetry | Light BLOCKED by particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette by a colorimeter or spectrophotometer |
| Nephelometry | Light SCATTERED by small particles at RIGHT ANGLES to the beam incident to the cuvette |
| Osmometry | Total NUMBER OF DISSOLVED PARTICLES in a soln based on colligative properties |
| Chromatography | SEPARATION of mixtures into individual components BASED ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. |
| Electrophoresis | SEPARATION of molecules BASED ON IONIC CHARGE & SIZE |
| Potentiometry | Potential DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCE & INDICATOR ELECTRODES when NO current is passing through the cell. |
| Fire classes | A: paper, wood, cloth. B: flammables, liquids, grease C: electricity. D:combustable metals |
Created by:
Hdickerson79