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A&P2 Ch 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compared with the inside of the cell, the outside of most cell membranes is _____ | Positive |
| The difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane is called _____ | Membrane potential |
| A neurons resting membrane potential is: | -70 mV |
| Three sodium ions are pumped out of the neuron for every ____ potassium ions pumped into the neuron | Two |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _____ | Polarized |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potential in a specific region of the plasma membrane is often called a _____ | Local Potential |
| During a relative refractory period: | an action potential is possible only in response to a very strong stimuli |
| Voltage-gated channels are: | ion channels that open in response to voltage fluctuations |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, the type of impulse conduction is: | saltatory conduction |
| The larger the diameter of a nerve fiber: | the faster the speed of conduction |
| Action potential and nerve impulse are _____ | synonymous |
| the _____ potential is an all-or-none response | action potential |
| Many anesthetics function by inhibiting the opening of sodium channels and thus blocking the initiation and conduction of _____ | nerve impulses |
| Name the three structures that make up a chemical synapse | synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron |
| a synaptic knob is located on the _____ | axon |
| Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one _____ _____ | postsynaptic neuron |
| When is the nervous system said to be replete with both electrical synapse and chemical synapse | Early development |
| Rapid-succession of stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by a synaptic knob can have a cumulative effect over time that can result in an _____ _____ | action potential |
| _____ ions cause the release of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft | Calcium |
| Neurotransmitters are relased in a synapse and bind to: | receptors on the postsynaptic terminal |
| the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters include: | acetylcholine, amino acids, and amines |
| Name three examples of amine neurotransmitters: | serotonin, histamine, and dopamine |
| severe depression can be caused by a deficit in what neurotransmitter? | amines |
| Name three catecholamines: | epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
| What is the most common neurotransmitter in the CNS? | Glutamate |
| cocaine produces a temporary feeling of well-being by blocking the uptake of _____ | dopamine |
| neuroscience has advanced to a point at which the neuron doctrine has been expanded to include concepts of the _____ _____ | reticular theory |
| the concentration of neurotransmitters at synapse in certain neural pathways can affect _____ | health |
| _____ are nerve growth factors that are released by various cells of the body | neurotrophins |
| when more than one presynaptic axon synapses with a single postsynaptic neuron, _____ occurs | convergence |
| when a single presynaptic axon synapses with many postsynaptic neurons, _____ occurs | divergence |
| multiple sclerosis is a _____ disorder | myelin |
| Physical injury, causing nerve damage, can cause local or widespread loss of _____ and/or _____ | sensation and/or motor control |
| _____ conduction occurs due to fluctuations in the concentration of ions | nerve |
| _____ disease is a failure to release adequate dopamine at the synapse of certain motor pathways | Parkinson |
| a synaptic knob is a tiny bulge at the end of the _____ neurons axon | presynaptic |
| Acetylcholine is an example of a _____ | neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow neurons to _____ with one another | communicate |
| Neurotransmitters are distributed _____ into groups of neurons | specifically |
| Endorphins are enkephalins are neurotransmitters that inhibit conduction of _____ | pain |
| A synonym commonly used for action potential is ____ | nerve impulse |
| In myelinated fibers, actions potentials in the membrane occur only at the nodes of Ranvier. This type of impulse conduction is called _____ | saltatory conduction |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _____ | polarized |
| a wave of electrical fluctuation that travels along the plasma membrane is called a ____ ____ | nerve impulse |
| the membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting nerurons plamsma membrane is called the ____ ____ ____ | resting membrane potential |
| movement of the membrane potential away from zero is called _____ | hyperpolarization |
| long term memories require ____ changes in the synapse, such as more vesicles or more vesicle release sites | structural |
| The unique neurotransmitter that combines acetate with choline is acetylcholine. It is deactivated by _____ | acetylcholinesterase |
| examples of catecholamine are: | dopamine, epinephrine, or nonrepinephrine |
| Two major function classification of neurotransmitter are excitatory neurotransmitters and _____ ______ | inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| the function of a neurotransmitter is determined by the _____ receptor | postsynaptic |
| ______ stimulate neuron development but also can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators | neurotrophins |
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