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SOCI 321 Final Exam
Criminology Final Exam study cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as: | developmental criminology. |
| The view that criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences is known as: | life course theory. |
| Over time individual behavior can get better, worse, or stay the same according to: | life course theory |
| Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts ________. | later and more serious criminality |
| _____ who have early experiences with antisocial behavior are the ones most likely to persist throughout their life course. | Boys and girls |
| A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a/an: | latent trait. |
| High levels of coercion produce criminality. Coercion that involves pressures beyond an individual’s control, such as economic and social pressure caused by unemployment or poverty, is termed: | impersonal coercion. |
| According to research on persistence patterns, _______ traits rather than environmental traits seem to have the greatest influence on life course persistence. | individual |
| Programs and policies based on developmental theory typically feature _____ treatment efforts. | multisystemic |
| O ne of the small group of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood. | l ife course persisters |
| Most life course theories believe that the seeds of a criminal career are planted ________. | early in life |
| The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are: | marriage and career |
| Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic are known as: | hate crimes. |
| Violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are known as: | instrumental violence |
| The link between substance abuse and violence occurs in three different formats. Violent behavior that results from user’s attempts to fund their drug habits is known as: | economic compulsive behavior. |
| _____ describes the process of how abused kids are turned into aggressive adults | Violentization process |
| What percentage of murderers are male? | 90 |
| Felony murder usually constitutes: | first-degree murder |
| Which type of murder requires the killer to have malice aforethought but not premeditation or deliberation? | second-degree murder |
| Mass murder involves killing four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event. These single, uncontrollable outbursts are also termed: | simultaneous killings |
| A hate crime motivated by revenge for another hate crime, either real or imaginary, which may spark further retaliation is known as a/an: | etaliatory hate crime |
| Who is most likely to engage in workplace violence? | a middle-aged white male facing termination |
| Although there are few female murderers, who are they likely to kill? | a family member |
| Public meeting places, often taverns, that served as headquarters for gangs and thieves in the eighteenth century were known as: | flash houses |
| Serial killers come from: | diverse backgrounds |
| Most experts view serial killers as | sociopaths |
| Misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a victim to willingly give his or her property to the wrongdoer, who then keeps it, is known as: | fraud |
| Amateur criminals whose decisions to steal are spontaneous and whose acts are unskilled, unplanned, and haphazard are known as: | occasional criminals |
| _____ are amateur fences who barter stolen goods for services. | Associational fences |
| A successful fence has connections with buyers and: | upfront cash |
| Professional thieves who steal high-priced items usually get about ____ percent of the wholesale price. | 30 to 50 |
| In contrast to occasional thieves, criminals who make a significant portion of their income from crime are known as: | professional criminals. |
| Which of the following earns his or her living solely by buying and reselling stolen merchandise? | fence |
| ______ buy and sell stolen property as one of the many ways that they make a living. They typically keep some of the profit and share some with the community. | Neighborhood hustlers |
| Professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise to pawnshops or fences are known as: | heels or boosters |
| Which of the following is the use of a stolen check, which is then endorsed and cashed or deposited by someone other than the payee? | forged endorsements |
| Usually respectable persons who do not conceive of themselves as thieves, but are systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use are called: | stitches |
| A burglar who has technical competence, maintains personal integrity, specializes in burglary, has financial success, and has the ability to avoid prison sentences is known as: | a professional burglar |
| When a business owner hires somebody to burn their business in hopes of collecting insurance money is a type of arson known as: | arson for profit |
| Embezzlement is distinguished from fraud on the basis of: | when the criminal intent was formed and that a serious breach of trust has taken place. |
| A type of auto theft involving gunmen approaching a car and forcing the owner to give up the keys is known as: | carjacking |
| buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is known as a: | fence |
| Using illegal tactics to make profits in the marketplace is known as: | enterprise crime. |
| White-collar crime involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is ___ profit through ___ business transactions. | illegal; legitimate |
| A white-collar crime in which a stockbroker makes repeated trades with a client’s account in order to fraudulently increase his or her commissions is known as: | churning |
| Penalties for bank fraud include a maximum fine of $1 million and up to how much time in prison? | 30 |
| ____________________ i s a form of organized crime operating across national borders. | Transnational organized crime |
| everalMexicandrugcartelshaveformedknownallianceknownasthe: | Federation |
| Why do deterrence strategies typically work when combating white-collar crime? | White-collar crime is a rational act. |
| The Oil Pollution Act was enacted after which aftermath? | Exxon Valdez oil spill |
| Corporations can circumvent economic sanctions by: | moving their rule-violating activities overseas. |
| ______ underestimates the number of crimes committed each year. | UCR |
| One of the major advantages the NCVS has over the UCR is: | It involves a very large random sample of the US population. |
| Crime rates have been declining since the early 1990s is supported by: | UCR and NCVS data |
| According to the UCR, most criminals are _____. | White |
| Who pioneered the classical school of criminology? | Beccaria |
| Rational choice suggests: | commit crime because of the benefits it brings them. |
| The idea that potential and actual legal punishment can deter crime is a synopsis of _____. | Deterrence Theory |
| What is concerned with the size and shape of skull as a measurement of criminality. | Phrenology |
| What is said to increase aggressiveness, risk taking and impulsiveness? | Testosterone |
| What may impair moral reasoning and the ability to appreciate the consequences of one’s actions? | Low IQ |
| According to Durkheim, what best describes how anomie arises? | When traditional norms become less applicable to new circumstances |
| In the 1930s, a new approach emerged that emphasized structural causes of urban crime (e.g., the breakdown of communities) over moral failings. It is known as _____. | social disorganization |
| Which of the following best reflects the concept of relative deprivation? | The reason the poor become angry and frustrated might be their realization that other people in society have more money. |
| Under Merton’s Adaptations to Anomie, when does conformity occur? | If one accepts cultural goals and accepts the institutional means |
| What is not one of the principles of Sutherland’s differential associations? | Crime is the result of a lack of serious punishments for deviant behavior. |
| Attachment, commitment, and involvement are elements of _____. | social bond |
| Gottfredson and Hirschi argued that all crime stems from one problem: _____ which results from ineffective child rearing and lasts throughout life. | the lack of self-control |
| Labeling theory adopts a _____ definition by assuming that nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant. | relativist |
| Radical criminologists believe: | that the wealthy use the legal system to keep the poor and people of color in their place. |
| What is considered is “at the heart” of much of girls’ and women’s law breaking? | Sexual abuse |
| The UCR defines _____ as an attack “where no weapon is used and which do not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim.” | simple assault |
| For single-offender, single-victim homicides, 92 percent of African-American murder victims are murdered by Latino offenders, and 85 percent of white murder victims are murdered by African-American offenders, making this a ________ crime. | Intraracial |
| Regarding sexual assault, National surveys found that non-strangers committed more than ________of the rapes reported by respondents | 80% |
| Anthropological evidence supports the view that _____ helps to explain violence against women. | gender inequality |
| Evidence suggests rape myths are part of the larger culture and, as such, are _____ from the culture. | learned |
Created by:
walkerl