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Psychology chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Puberty | A period of Rapid physical and sexual maturation that occurs mainly during early adolescence |
| Puberty | Determinants include: nutrition, Health, heredity and body mass |
| Height and weight | Beginning of girls growth spurt occurs around 9 years old |
| Height and weight | Beginning of boys growth spurt occurs around 11 years old |
| Height and weight | The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at eleven and a half for girls |
| Height and weight | The Peak rate of pubertal change occurs at thirteen and a half for boys |
| Height and weight | During their growth spurt, girls increase in height about three and a half inches per year and boys about four inches per year |
| Body image | Preoccupation with one's body image and strong through adolescence, but it is especially acute during puberty... In general, throughout puberty, girls or less happy with their bodies and have more negative body Images, compaired with boys... As pubertal c |
| Early maturing males | Perceive themselves out more positively, and have more successful peer relations, in part due to athletic achievement The consequences: attract girls, attention from girls, attention of older boys, drugs, alcohol, the faster they have to grow up |
| Early maturing males | In the thirties not as strong of a sense of identity as late maturing males Get caught up and Athletics and don't think about other aspects of life (they don't recognize their identity and because of this they are unable two find out who they are) |
| Late maturing males | Socially physically inferior not able to compete in sport, less attention from females |
| Early maturing females | Experience more problems at school but also enjoyed more independent and popularity with boys. Early maturation increases girls vulnerability to a number of problems; smoking, drinking, depression, Eating Disorders, earlier dating and sexual experiences |
| Late maturing females | Socially and physically inferior Advantages: friends can give them kids if they have been through puberty earlier than their friends |
| The brain | The amygdala region of the brain that handles the processing of information about motion the church earlier than their prefrontal cortex region of the brain involved in higher order cognitive functioning... Adolescents respond more with "gut" level reacti |
| Timing of sexual activity | 62% of females have had intercourse by age 17 and 64% of males in the US |
| Timing of sexual activity | By the age 20, 77% of US youth have engaged in sexual intercourse |
| Timing of sexual activity | A 2008 study indicated that 35% of us high school students were currently sexually active |
| Timing of sexual activity | African American adolescents engage in sexual activity the earliest with Asian American adolescents have the most restrictive sexual timetable |
| Timing of sexual activity | Many adolescents are not emotionally prepared to handle sexual experiences, the earlier boys and girls engage in sexual intercourse, they are more likely to show adjustment problems |
| Risk factors | Those who engage in sex at earlier ages (before 16) and have a number partners are the least effective users of contraceptives and are at risk for early, unintended pregnancy and for STI |
| Risk factors | Early sexual behavior is also linked with other risky behaviors such as excessive drinking, drug use, delinquency (act out), and school related problems (obsessed with the boy) |
| Contraceptive use | Method most frequently used by adolescent girls is the pill 44% followed by the condom 38%. |
| Contraceptive use | Sexually active younger adolescents are less likely to use contraceptives than older adolescents |
| Contraceptive use | In 2007, among students who were sexually active 61.5% report using contraceptives last time they had sexual intercourse-an overall increase |
| Sexually transmitted infections | Every year more than 3 million adolescent acquire a STI. In a single act unprotected sex with an infected partner a teenage girl has a 1% risk of getting HIV, a 30% risk of acquiring genital herpes, and a 50% chance of Contracting gonorrhea |
| Pregnancy | The rate of birth to a lesser dropped 34% from 1991 to 2005. Reasons: increase contraceptive use, fear of STIs and economic Prosperity has motivated a lesson to delay starting a family. Adolescent pregnancy creates health risks for both the baby and the m |
| Adolescent health | Many of the factors linked to poor health habits an early death and the adult years begin During adolescent. The goals are to: 1) reduce adolescent Health compromising 2) increase health enhancing behaviors |
| Reduce adolescent Health compromising | Behavior such as; drug use, silence, unprotected sex, dangerous (adolescent seek experiences that create high-intensity feelings, excitement and arousal) |
| Increase health enhancing behaviors | Such as eating nutritiously, exercising, wearing seatbelt, and getting more sleep (need to enforce (higher ages for drinking, driving, more expensive prices for cigarettes) and expand services (contraceptive availability, Mental Health Services) to reduc |
| Sleep patterns | When given the opportunity, adolescence will sleep in average of nine and a half hours a night. Most get considerably less than nine hours of sleep, especially during the week. |
| Sleep patterns | Schools have started classes later for adolescents (8:30 a.m.) Have fun if your referral for discipline problems, and the number of students who report being ill or depressed has decreased. And for high school students that has improved test scores |
| Leading causes of death in adolescence | 1) accidents 2) homicide 3) suicide |
| Accidents | More than half of all deaths and adolescents are due to accidents, and most of those and valve motor vehicle; and about 50% of those the driver has a BAC of .10% |
| Homicide | Especially High among African-American males, who are three times more likely to be killed by guns than by natural causes |
| Suicide | Rate has tripled since 1950 |
| Substance use and abuse | 1) alcohol 2) marijuana 3) nicotine |
| Alcohol | Most commonly used an abused substance. Virtually every adolescent has had some experience with alcohol. 30% of high school seniors said they had been in a vehicle with a drunk or drinking driver in the past 2 weeks |
| Nicotine | Most frequently use |
| Cigarette smoking | Is on the decline... Risk factors for becoming a regular smoker include; having a weak academic orientation, having a friend who smokes and experience low parent support. Most likely to begin smoking in grades seven through nine because of peer pressure |
| Marijuana | Has increased during the 1990 and has recently leveled off. An alarming Trend as use of prescription |
| Substance use and abuse | Say that use drugs because it is "in"to do so and because it makes him feel good (finding relief, Comfort or security; "coping" VS "enhancement") |
| Substance used and abuse | Say they don't use because - fear of getting caught, damage at my do, and because it is "wrong" |
| Substance use and abuse | A special concern is when drugs are used as a way of coping can interfere with the development of competent coping skills and responsible for decision-making. Positive relationships with parents and others are important and reducing adolescent drug use |
| Substance use and abuse | Family of origin correlates with excessive drug use include; negative relationship and low degree of support from parents; parents are users (MOST POWERFUL INFLUENCES ON INITIATION USE) and sibling use |
| Substance use and abuse | Social and psychological correlates include; PEERS WHO USE AND APPROVE USE; psychological distress and feelings of depression; interpersonal distress, lack of self-confidence, self rejection Number one factor that increases continued use |
| Developing a sexual identity | |
| Manage sexual feelings, developingâ new forms of intimacy, and learning skills | |
| Formal operational stage (11+) | May be delayed significantly and may never take shape. Social environment can accelerate or delay onset. Only about 40% have progressed Beyond concrete operations by High School graduation |
| Introspection | Thinking about own thought |
| Abstract reasoning | Going beyond what is real to what is possible able to think about what might be become incentive, imaginative, an original and they're thinking, and possibility dominates reality |
| Logical thinking | Being able to consider all important facts and ideas and to form correct conclusion, such as ability determine cause and effect |
| Hyperthetical reasoning | Formulating hypothees in examining the evidence for them, considering numerous variables can test theories scientifically and logically, considering several variables, and are able to discover truth scientifically |
| Idealism | Can distinguish the possible from the real...they imagine what could be...realized actual is less than ideal...become idealist Rebels and champions of the underdog...they can emphasize with Underdog and be oppressed, feeling that it mirrors their own inne |
| Self-consciousness and ecocentrism | Because they have the capacity to think about their own thoughts, introspection it makes them accurately aware of themselves...Become so concerned about self, they conclude that others are equally concerned/obsessed |
| Self-consciousness and egocentrism | Feel like they are on stage...React to an imaginary audience-extremely self-conscious |
| Personal fable | Belief and the uniqueness of one's Own experiences |
| The transition to middle school or Junior High School | Experience the top dog phenomenon |
| First-year can be difficult | Takes place at a time when many changes are currants simultaneously |
| High School | In the year 2006, the total dropout rate was 10%. The highest dropout rate is for Native American Youth less than 50% finished their high school education |
| Reasons for dropping out | 50% site School related problems, such as not liking School are being expelled or suspended |
| Reasons for dropping out | 20% (but 40% of Latino students) site economic reasons for leaving school (have to help out the family) |
| Reasons for dropping out | One third of the female students dropped out for personal reasons such as pregnancy or marriage |
| Reasons for dropping out | The most effective school-based Dropped Out programs provide early reading programs, tutoring programs, counseling programs and mentoring programs |
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ck76124