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A & P Final II
A & P II final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form | the embryo |
| The process of cell division that occurs after fertilization is called | cleavage |
| At what age in fetal development is the heart beat first present | 4 weeks or month |
| By day of embryonic development a new layer forms creating the three germ layers this process is called | gastrulation |
| The most important factor affecting the glomerus filtration rate is | the glomerular filtration pressure |
| When implantation first occurs nutrients formed by the trophoblast can easily reach the inner cell mass with simple | Diffusion |
| Embryologic in early fetal development occurs in what trimester | first trimester |
| Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called | autosomes |
| The period of gestation characterized by rapid absolute fetal growth is the what ____ trimester. | Third trimester |
| Sperm production occurs in the | seminiferous tubules |
| Sperm develops from stem cells called | spermatogonia |
| Projections of the tunica albuginea known as septae divide the testis into | lobules |
| The spermatic cord contains | Artery veins, vas deferens, lymphatics blood vessels, nerves |
| Nerves that go through the spermatic cord is called | genital femoral |
| Interstitial cells of Leydig produce | Testerone |
| Another cell along the interstitial cell | Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells |
| What process occurs during Amphimixis | Fusion of the male and female pronuclei |
| Where does the fertilization of the ovum occur | Fallopian tubes |
| The principle cation in intercellular fluid is | Potassium |
| Hypoventilation would cause _____ acidosis | Respiratory |
| The most significant source of heat in the body is | cellular metabolism |
| Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the | pancreas and salvia |
| Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are | JG cells/ Juxtaglomerular cells |
| Micuration is a _____ reflex | Sacral |
| Prolonged vomiting can result in | Metabolic alkalosis |
| The primary role of the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system is to | Maintaining a stable pH counteracting the production of hydrogen ions from organic fixed acids |
| One of the effect of ADH is | Water retention |
| Accumulation of excess fluid in the tissue is called | Edema |
| Water transports between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid occurs by | osmosis Calcium reabsorption by the kidney is promoted by the hormone - PTH (parathyroid hormone) |
| Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism | ADH |
| A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of _______acidosis/alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis |
| In the core of each villus, there is a lymph capillary called? | Lacteal |
| The wave like smooth muscle contraction that move foodstuffs through the alimentary canal is called? | peristalsis |
| The chemical digestion starting with the mouth is? | carbohydrates |
| The chemical digestion starting at the stomach is? | proteins |
| The sheets of peritoneal membrane that extends to the digestive organs. | mesentery |
| The segment of small intestine that connects to the cecum? | Ileum |
| The primary dentition consists of the deciduous teeth. | There are 20 deciduous teeth that fall out before the age of 12 |
| What are the stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor? | parietal cells |
| Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the? | Proteins and peptide fragments |
| The bile from gallbladder | Drains through pancreas to duodenum |
| The stomach parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential in the absorption of | Vtamin B12 |
| Hepatocytes do not | do not secrete digestive enzymes |
| Which of the following is not an anatomic characteristic of the colon? | pilcae circulars |
| The function of the globlet cells in the intestinal wall is? | Produce mucus that protects the intestinal wall. |
| The fluid secreted into the small intestine that contains emulsify that fat is | Bile |
| Struction of tooth includes | A thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolus |
| A baby with an abnormal plyloric valve has a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding because of the frequent loss of gastric juices the blood test will likely indicate | Alkalosis (pH value too high) |
| The longest portion of the alimentary canal is | jejunum |
| Fat is broken down to fatty acids and monoglysarides and formed ______ to be transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph. | Chorea |
| Which of the following has all the parts in proper sequence | cecum, ascending colon, transeverse colon, descending colon see pg 834 |
| The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for nerons and red blood cells is | Glucose |
| Anabolism includes reations in which | Large molecules or structure are built from smaller ones. |
| The process of breaking triglyceride down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as | Lipolysis |
| Lipogensis occurs when | there is a shortage of fatty acids. |
| Glycogen is formed in the liver during the | absorptive state |
| Vitamins are organic compounds | they often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis |
| As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive all organs switch from the | the brain |
| Heat-Loss mechanisms do not include | vasoconstriction |
| The most important hormonal factor in determing BMR | Thyroxine |
| Which of the following nutrient yield the high amount of energy per gram when metabolized. | Fats |
| Which of the following does not occur in the mitrochondia | Glycolysis |
| The vitamin that is essential to the formation of clotting proteins is | Vitamin K |
| The trace of minerals cobalt is a constituent of | Vitamin B12 |
| Most of Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and iron are stored in the | Liver |
| Vasodilation of the skin at room temperature does what | Lowers the body temperature. |
| A crtitical lipid that is used as building block of cells and hormones instead of an energy source is | Cholesterol |
| Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidation phosphorylation occurs in the | Mitrochondia |
| The ____ is released to the blood and removed from the body in the urine. | urea |
| Lipids are not water soluble transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis | LDL( Low density lipoproteins) |
| The essential mineral for the production hormone T3 and T4 is | Iodine |
| A spermatozan contains all of the following parts of the cell except | golgi apparatus (it does contain nucleus, mitochondria, flagellum) |
| The process of creating haploid cells is called | meiosis |
| The sequence of the travel of spermatozoa is | testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland |
| The interstitial cells (of Leydig) of the seminiferous tubule produce | androgen |
| Sperm production occurs at the | seminiferous tubules |
| The target of the pituitary hormone follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) in males is the | seminferous tubules |
| The uterus is located | posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the colon |
| The muscular wall of uterus is called the | myometrium |
| The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the | cervix |
| The ligaments that arise on the lateral margins of the uterus and extend through the inguinal canal are the | round ligaments |
| A corpus luteum is formed by | the follicle after ovulation |
| Chronologically, the luteal phase of ovarian cycle corresponds to ____ of the uterine cycle. | secretory phase |
| The surge of luteinizing hormone level occurs right before | ovulation |
| During the menses phase of the uterine cycle: | the functional layer is sloughed off |
| Menopause is caused by: | no primordial follicles left to respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| The reproductive system: | produces gametes, stores and transports gametes, nourishes gametes (all of them) |
| Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into | lobules |
| The spermatic cord is: | a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that serve the testis |
| The sustentacular cells (Sertoli Cells) of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except: | secrete testosterone (they do maintain the blood-testis barrier, support spermiogenesis, secrete inhibin, secrete androgen-binding protein) |
| The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called | spermatids |
| Taking food into the system | Ingestion |
| Chewing, Mixing, Churning and segmentation of food | Mechanical Digestion |
| Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules | Chemical Digestion |
| Passage of Digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph | Absorption |
| Elimination of digestible solids | Defacation |
| Provide the primary source of fuel for ATP synthesis | Carbohydrates |
| Acts as an accessory fuel | Lipids |
| Important structural material (keratin, collagen, etc) and functional materials (enzymes, etc) | Proteins |
| Most function as co-enzymes | not used as structural components |
| Incorporation into some body structures | used in conjunction with enzymes |
| Solvent for chemical reactions in body | Water |
| A protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine | Creatinine |
| Not normally found in the urine | Glucose |
| A detoxified ammonia compound | Urea |
| In relation to the extrinsic salivary glands....... | ....they are primarily regulated by the parasympathetic division of ANS |
| During deglutination, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the | gastroesophageal sphincter |
| Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages occur in | the peyers patches |
| Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the | salivary glands and pancreas |
| Swallowing reflexes begin when the receptors are stimulated by food in this structure | pharynx |
| Blood flows into the liver via the ___________ and ___________ | while blood exits the liver via the __________. |
| The major outcome that occurs through mechanical digestive activities is | an increase in the surface area of food by breaking it into smaller fragments. |
| The propulsive function that occurs int eh esophagus is called | Peristalsis |
| The stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes is | the presence of chyme in the duodenum containing protein and fats |
| What is the mixing action that exposes materials to secretions and absorptive factors? | Segmentation |
| What is the function of the large intestine? | Absorption of water, ions, and some vitamins |
| This organ provides absorbative function, is shorter than the small intestine, contains a large number of bacteria | Large intestine |
| Characteristic of essential nutrients | Cannot by synthesized by the body |
| Most __________ function as co-enzymes in the body | Vitamins |
| The form of visual pigments is a function of | vitamin A |
| The stage of cell respiration in which carbon dioxide is removed from a carbon source is | Krebs Cycle |
| The most significant source of heat in the body is | cellular respiration |
| What releases energy stored in chemical bonds? | the process of cellular respiration |
| Fats have many more calories than carbohydrates because they .... | contain more potential acetyl groups to enter Krebs Cycle |
| The thermoregulatory center is located in the | hypothalamus |
| Chromium is considered a | trace element |
| Insulin release would occur in | the absorptive state |
| The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is | Insulin |
| How is Na+ reabsorbed? | Active transport using ATP |
| In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce | urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions |
| Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are | macula densa cells |
| What produces a concentration gradient that will allow the nephron to concentrate filtrate? | countercurrent mechanism |
| The most important factor influencing glomerular filtration rate is | blood hydrostatic pressure |
| when the concentration of ADH increases.... | less urine is produced |
| which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder | ureter |
| which substance of the following would have the lowest absorption rate? amino acids: sodium: urea: glucose | urea |
| urine passes through what in what order to get to the external environment? | calyx |
| If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate will | Increase |
| Death of mitochondria in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle would result in | Increased Na+ and Cl- ions in the urine output |
| What is the main substance reabsorbed in the region of the descending limb of the loop of Henle? | Water |
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azcerkic