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Ch 10
Somatic and Special Senses
| detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain. | Sensory receptors |
| Sensory receptors are one of two categories: | General or Special senses |
| Five main types of receptors | Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors |
| are feelings that occur when the brain interprets sensory impulses. | Sensations |
| What does the term projection mean when referring to the brain and sensations? | The brain sends the sensation back to the point of origin |
| is a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses. | Perceptions |
| During sensory __________, sensory impulses are sent at decreasing rates until receptors fail to send impulses unless there is a change in strength of the stimulus. | adaptation |
| Receptors associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera make up the __________. | somatic senses |
| _________ of sensory nerve fibers in the epithelial tissues are associated with touch and pressure. | free ends |
| _________ corpuscles are flattened connective tissue sheaths surrounding two or more nerve fibers and are abundant in hairless areas that are very sensitive to touch, like the lips. | Meissner's or Tactile |
| ___________ are large structures of connective tissue and cells that resemble the layers of an onion. They function to detect deep pressure. | Pacinian or lamellated |
| Temperature receptors include two groups of free nerve endings: ________ receptors and _______ receptors which both work best within a range of temperatures. | Warm, Cold |
| Pain receptors consist of_______ nerve endings that are stimulated when tissues are damaged. Also not adaptive. | Free |
| _______ pain receptors are the only receptors in the organs that produce sensations. | Visceral |
| _______ pain occurs because of the common nerve pathways leading from skin and internal organs. An example would be a heart attack being felt as pain in the arm or as heartburn. | Referred |
| Myelinated fibers carry signals rapidly, cease when stimulus stops | Acute |
| unmyelinated fibers, cary signals slowly, continue to send impulses after stimulation stops. | Chronic |
| A person becomes aware of pain when impulses reach the ________ in the brain, but the ________ judges the intensity and location of the pain. | Thalamus, Cerebral cortex |
| Other areas of the brain regulate the flow of pain impulses from the spinal cord and can trigger the release of Chemicals called _________ and ________, which inhibit the release of pain impulses in the spinal cord. | enkaphalins, serotonin |
| Released in the brain provide natural pain control. | Endorphins |
| What type of receptor are the olfactory receptors? | Chemoreceptors |
| The receptor cells are ________ neurons with hairlike _______ covering the dendrites. These project into the ________ cavity. | Bipolar, Cilia, Nasal |
| When olfactory receptors are stimulated, their fibers synapse with neurons in the ________ lying on either side of the crista galli. | Olfactory lobes |
| Sensory impulses are first analyzed here, then travel along ______ to the limbic system, and lastly to the _________ within the temporal lobes. | olfactory tract, olfactory cortex |
| Do olfactory receptors adapt easily? | Yes |
| ____________ are the organs of taste and are located within bumps called ________ of the tongue and are scattered throughout the ________ and pharynx | Taste buds, Papillae, mouth |
| Taste cells (gustatory cells) are modified ________ cells that function as receptors. | Epithelial |
| Taste cells contain the taste ________ that are the portions sensitive to taste. These protrude from openings called _________. | Hairs, taste pores |
| What has to happen to chemicals before they can't be tasted (or smelled)? | They must be dissolved in fluid that surrounds taste buds |
| Do taste buds easily adapt and how many types of taste receptors are there? | Yes and 4 |
| Taste impulses travel on which three cranial nerves? | Taste impulses travel on the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata and then to the gustatory cortex of the peritial lobe of the cerebrum. |
| The external ear consists of the __________ which collects the sound with then travels down the ________ towards the middle ear. | Auricle, external acoustic meatus |
| The middle ear begins with the eardrum called the___________ and is an air-filled space (tympanic cavity) housing the tiny bones called the _________. | tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles |
| What are the names of the three auditory ossicle bones? | Malleus, incus, and stapes |
| The _________ tube connects the middle ear to the throat to help maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. | Eustachian |
| The inner ear is made up of a _______ labyrinth inside a/an ______ labyrinth. | membraneous, osseous |
| Between the two labyrinths is a fluid called _____________. __________ is a fluid inside the inner labyrinth. | perilymph, endolymph |
| Within the cochlea, the oval window leads to the upper compartment, called the ________ the lower chamber is called the ___________ | scala vestibuli, scala tympani |
| The cochlear duct lies between these two compartments and is separated from the lower one by a membrane called the _________ membrane. | vestibular |
| The Organ of ________ lies on this membrane. It has receptors called _____ cells. | Corti, hair |
| There is a stiff, partial, overhanging membrane in which the ends of these hair cells are embedded. This membrane is called the _______ membrane. | tectorial |
| The ______ funnels the sound as air waves into the ____________ which channels it to the eardrum called the _____. | auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane_ |
| The organs of static equilibrium are located within the bony _________ of the inner ear, inside two expansions of the membranous labyrinth called the _________ & ______________. | vestibule, utricle, sacule |
| A ________, consisting of hair cells and supporting cells, lies inside these sacs. The hair cells are inside a gelatinous material that also contain tiny stones called ________. | macula, otoliths |
| Impulses travel to the brain via the ___ branch of the _______ nerve, indicating the position of the head. | Vestibular, vestibulocochlear |
| The three ______ detect motion of the head, and they aid in balancing the head and body during sudden movement. | semicircular canals |
| The organs of dynamic equilibrium are called ________, and are located in the ____________ of each canal of the inner ear. They are at right angles to each other. | cristae ampullaris, bulbous ampulla |
| Hair cells extend into a dome-shaped gelatinous ______ | cupula. |
| Also, mechanoreceptors (called _________) associated with the joints, and the changes detected by the eyes also help maintain equilibrium | proprioceptors |
| The __________ protects the eye from foreign objects and is made up of the thinnest skin of the body. The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid is called the __________ | eyelid, conjunctiva |
| The _________ apparatus produces tears that lubricate and cleanse the eye. Two small ducts drain tears into the nasal cavity. Tears also contain an antibacterial enzyme called ____________. | lacrimal, lysozyme |
| The six __________ muscles of the eye attach to the sclera and move the eye in all directions. | extrinsic |
| The outer (fibrous) tunic is the transparent ________ at the front of the eye, and the white ___________ on the exterior of the eye. Both are tough tissues. | cornea, sclera |
| The ______ coat is highly vascular and darkly pigmented and performs two functions: to nourish other tissues of the eye and to keep the inside of the eye ____________. | Choroid, Dark |
| The _________ body forms a ring around the front of the eye and contains ________ muscles and ________ ligaments. What is their function? | ciliary, ciliary, suspensory, to focus the lens |
| The ________ chamber (between the cornea and iris) and the ______ chamber (between the iris and vitreous body and housing the lens) make up the ______ cavity, which is filled with a fluid called _____ humor. | anterior, posterior, anterior, aqueous |
| The ________ is a thin, smooth muscle that adjusts the amount of light entering the ________ a hole in its center. | iris, pupil |
| The iris has two types of fibers, what are they? | Circular and radial |
| The inner tunic consists of the ____, which contains photoreceptors; the inner tunic covers the back side of the eye to the ciliary body. | retina |
| In the center is the yellow area, the _______ with the ______ in its center, the point of sharpest vision in the eye. | macula lutea, fovea centralis |
| Medial to this area is the _________, where nerve fibers leave the eye resulting in a blind spot. | optic disc |
| The large cavity of the eye is filled with gel like _______ humor | vitreous |
| Light waves must bend to be focused, a phenomenon called refraction. What four parts of the eye do this? | Cornea, the lens, the aqueous humor, and the vitreous humor |
| Two kinds of modified neurons comprise the visual receptors; elongated __________ and blunt-shaped _________. | rods, cones |
| Which is responsible for color vision? | cones |
| Which is responsible for B&W vision? | rods |
| Which is more acute and why? | Rods |
| The light-sensitive pigment in rods is ____, which breaks down into a protein, opsin, and retinal (from vitamin A) in the presence of light. | rhodopsin |
| The color perceived depends upon which sets of cones the light stimulates: if all the sets are stimulated, the color is _____________; if none are stimulated, the color is __________________. | white, black |
| Fibers from the medial half of the retina cross over in the optic _______ | chiasma |
| Impulses are transmitted to the thalamus and then to the visual ________ of the _____ lobe. | cortex, occipital |
Created by:
Btran573