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AP Euro
all the Euro terms and ID's
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Flagellants | Believed plague was God's punishment, traveled from town to town whipping and scourging themselves, provoked hysteria against Jews, caused general social unrest, were forbidden to enter some cities |
| Conciliarism | Believed that Pope did not have absolute power according to Scriptures, there should be a council representing all Christians, Marsiglio and Wyclif, wanted to reform church and get rid of medieval structure, led to councils of Pisa and Constance |
| Great Schism | 2 popes-Urban (Italy) and Clement (French), countries chose sides for political reasons, people confused about who was the real pope, weakened Christian faith, started conciliarism |
| Republic | Power resides in the people and is exercised by representatives, most were actually oligarchies, goal of most revolts |
| Courts | Places in centers of cities where all politics was done, very extravagant-expressed wealth, supported writers and philosophers, copied in nation-states |
| Condottieri | Military leaders designed to establish order, sometimes took over politically, made up lineage story, took power away from merchant oligarchies, established signori |
| Statute of Kilkenny | 1366 attempt to protect ethnic purity, said English had to retain English culture in Ireland, no Irish appointed to monasteries in Irish parts of England, evidence if severe ethnic division |
| Jacquerie | Huge peasant revolt in France, 1358, wanted lower war taxes and blamed nobility, destroyed cities, upper class destroyed revolt |
| Signori | One man ruled and passed down power to son, communal government had no power, led to nostalgia for Roman republics, Venice, Milan, and France switched back |
| Justices of the Peace | Unpaid local English officials, all local government business, helped strengthen monarchy, linked government with upper middle classes, peace and social order |
| Hermandades | Helped to reunite Spain, local police forces, savage punishments, disbanded in 1498, helped calm aristocracy |
| Humanism | New Renaissance philosophy, studied Classical Latin works, revealed truth about people, not God, focused on individual |
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | 1438-France, general council has power over papacy, gave French crown control over bishops, reinforced royal authority |
| Individualism | Great confidence in abilities of man, Renaissance philosophy, stemmed from humanism, stressed personality and uniqueness, organizations provide social influence |
| Secularism | Concern with material world, limits of senses, life seen as an opportunity, more time to appreciate the arts |
| Vernacular | Books written in local language, not Latin, same as verbal, made more people literate, allowed more people to express themselves, national pride |
| Popolo | Common people in communes, taxed by oligarchies, could not hold office, took over governments and established republics, could not hold civil order, again taken over by oligarchies with new power strategies |
| Renaissance | 1500s in Italy and Southern Europe, changes in intellectual, artistic, cultural life, bridges medieval and modern era, rebirth of classical past, marked end of Dark Ages |
| Communes | Northern Italian cities,independent from nobles, nobles instead settled in cities, connected feudalism and commercialism, led to oligarchy |
| Nationalism | Feeling of unity and identity that binds together a people, pride after military victories, demanded expulsion of enemy from all natural soil |
| Representative Assemblies | Non-Royal people began to have government meetings, commons recognized mutual interests, led to increase in Parliament's power, popular in England but hurt French King, led to English statute that said King could not tax without Parliament's consent |
| Joan of Arc | French peasant girl who started hearing Saints' voices, told her English had to be expelled from France and Charles had to become king, convinced Charles to listen and English to surrender, marked turning point in war, burned at stake and later canonized |
| Bubo | Apple-shaped growth on armpit, groin, neck, agonizing pain, first symptom of plague, could be treated |
| Black Death | Disease transmitted by rats/fleas, killed 50% of population, started in Asia and spread to Europe, led to new sciences and schools of thought, church could not help |
| Great Famine | 1315-1322--biblical 7 years, cost of food rose greatly, torrential rain killed crops, made people more susceptible to disease, killed 1/3 of population in some cities |
| Christian Humanists | Combined classical and Christian cultures, reason as foundation for ethical life, human nature can be improved through education, Thomas More, Utopia |
| Court of Star Chamber | Part of Royal council that dealt with aristocratic threats, Roman law, terrifying methods, ran directly counter to English methods, strengthened monarchy |
| Royal Council | Center of English authority, not king's closest advisors, middle class, handled all business in all branches, negotiation, internal conflict, weakened monarchy |
| Wars of the Roses | 1455-1471--England, Lancasters v. Yorks, hurt trade and agriculture, Henry VI weakened authority of monarchy |
| Oligarchy | Small group ruled city and surrounding countryside, connected by blood, economics, social, families conflict, led to unstable communities |
| Orders | Medieval society divisions, clergy, nobility, workers, helped determine membership for representation, replaced with changeable wealth hierarchy, did not completely dissolve-poorer 1st was still higher than rich 3rd |
| The Prince | Treatise by Machiavelli, humans are selfish, rulers must manipulate people when necessary, focus on what things are now, want to be both feared and loved, safer to just be feared, don't be too nice, don't try to establish God's will |
| Ecumenical Council | worldwide assembly of bishops, Trent and Constance, 21, important reforms and decrees made |
| Confraternities | Voluntary lay groups, contained both genders, sometimes associated with a parish, popularized simple Christian living |
| Gabelle | French tax on salt, 1400s, established by Charles VII, increased Royal finances after 100 Years War, led to development of first permanent Royal army |
| Patrons | Oligarchs who paid artists to glorify them, chapels, frescoes, panels, tombs, proves greatness and power, new life doesn't suck thinking |
| Debate about Women | 14th century debate about women's character and nature, some criticized women as devious and demanding, some provided accomplishments, works printed and spread around Europe, transitioned to rulers, led to women advising/ruling |
| New Christians | Jewish Spaniards who converted to Christianity, anti-Semitism: Black Death scapegoat, sermons, economy, spread throughout Spain, sacked Jewish villages, 40% killed or forced to convert |
| Anabaptists | Radical Christians, baptized believers, rejected infant baptism, only wanted voluntary, foundation of freedom of religion, no one liked the Jesus Cult |
| Sola Scriptura | All man needs for salvation is the Bible, tenet for most Protestants, led to rejection of ornate Catholic practices |
| Luther | Founder of Protestantism, justification by faith, Scripture, married, started Reformation, did not recant, protecting souls |
| Consubstantiation | English church, Eucharist coexists with body and blood, Catholics believe in transubstantiation, Protestants do not agree |
| Lord's Supper | Zwingli, only a memorial of the Last Supper, Christ is present only in spirit among faithful, Protestants do not agree |
| Misogyny | Hatred of women, emphasized sexual desire, chief motivator in witch trials |
| The Imitation of Christ | Written by Thomas a Kempis, popular among laypeople, supports simple Christian living, urges people to look to Scripture, reformed church away from blind trust in clergy |
| Book of Common Prayer | Written by Thomas Cranmer, during Edward VI's reign, order for all services of Church of England, simplified liturgy and spread Protestantism through country |
| Elizabethan Settlement | Early laws of Elizabeth I's reign, middle ground between Catholicism and Protestantism, Elizabeth is governor of Church of England, not head-Pope is head, keep quiet about religion, dignity and order |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | Written by Calvin, 1539 & 1559, God is strong, humans are weak, God decides who goes where, predestination |
| Holy Office | 1542, jurisdiction over Roman Inquisition, 6 cardinals who attacked heresy, published Index of Prohibited Books, part of Catholic Reformation |
| Calvin | born in 1509, studied law, believed God is strong and humans are weak, predestination, established community in Geneva, very strict, Scripture-oriented, became central philosophy of Protestantism |
| Preacherships | groups of men who travelled and gave sermons, advocated worship in sermons, not in Eucharist, helped spread Protestant ideas |
| Union of Utrecht | union of Netherlands under Spanish Habsburgs, initially led to more war, eventually became permanent, decree of Dutch independence from Spain, north Protestant, south Catholic |
| Transubstantiation | Catholic view, bread and wine become actual body and blood, Luther-God turns it into body and blood, not priest, Zwingli-not in actual Eucharist, only thing Protestants disagree on |
| Protestant | followers of Luther, non-Catholic western European Christians, salvation comes from faith alone, authority rests in Bible, church is invisible fellowship, reformed church |
| Diet of Worms | assembly of estates in Germany, Charles V summoned Luther to appear, Luther said he was bound by Scripture, held on to beliefs |
| Purgatory | place where souls going to heaven made up for sins, time could be shortened by actions of the living, began to become as bad as hell, people purchased indulgences to shorten time |
| Penance | religious act to pay for sin, praying or fasting, sometimes done in Purgatory, indulgences granted as replacement |
| Indulgences | piece of paper that substituted virtuous act for penance, treasury of merits-collection of all virtuous acts, paid for, prompted Luther to write 95 Theses |
| Anticlericalism | opposition to clergy, brought on by Frederick II, Captivity, Schism, immorality, absenteeism, pluralism, priests were not celibate, led to Luther's influence |
| Pluralism | priests held several offices at once, did not perform responsibilities, collected revenues and hired poor priest |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists, lived in major cities, attacked by Catholics, granted independence by Nantes |
| Iconoclasm | Protestants taking down and ridiculing sacred Catholic images, rethink relationship between seen and unseen, led to more violence and civil war, Calvinists saw it as a way to purify Church |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Catholic attach on Calvinists in Paris, led to 15-year civil war, agriculture destroyed, less commercialism ,starvation and death |
| Predestination | God decides who goes where, people are created with different destinies, just but incomprehensible, God is highest justice-always right |
| Jesuits | Asians and Latin American Indians, lots of retreats, help souls, not church, flexibility and mobility, political influence |
| Edict of Nantes | granted Huguenots freedom to practice their religion, published by Henry IV, who sacrificed his religion to save France, unified France and ended civil war |
| Politiques | religious moderates, favored accepting Huguenots, Henry IV, led to Edict of Nantes |
| Bourse | Stock exchange in Paris, where countries went to buy and sell goods, Antwerp one of the richest cities in Spanish Netherlands |
| Escorial | Spanish monastery and palace. Built by Philip II, royal court, art gallery, tomb |
| Price Revolution | Severe inflation in Spain, caused by increasing population and demand, textile industry hurt, strained government budgets, inflation spread to rest of Europe |
| Spanish Armada | Fleet of 130+ vessels, met English fleet in Channel, too big, storms, less ammo, lost to English, no religious unity |
| Skepticism | Doubt that total certainty of knowledge is possible, cultures are different, none are superior, Montaigne, suspends judgement, stemmed from wars and new cultures |
| Columbian Exchange | Exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between old and new world, Spaniards brought wheat, grapes, horses, took corn and potatoes, spread new foods and cultures |
| Magellan | Commissioned by Charles V, explored Brazilian coast, named Pacific Ocean, demonstrated vastness |
| Cortes | Began conquest of Mexico, conquered Aztecs, took advantage of internal weaknesses, defeated Aztec revolt and conquered much of country |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital, concentric circles, administration and religion in center, orderly until Cortes destroyed it |
| Virocha | Incan creator God, Spaniards claimed they were sent by him, Incans believed them, welcome Spaniards, die |
| Encomienda System | Conquerors can employ Native Americans, legalized form of slavery, led to severe decrease in indigenous populations |
| Sugar | High demand in 1500s, was not a luxury anymore, higher demand required more labor, led to increase of African slaves |
| Caravel | Small, light ship, successor to galley, held more cargo, able to shoot down larger ships, helped make trading easier |
| Ptolemy's Geography | Written by an Egyptian, reintroduced Europeans to ancient knowledge, had errors, led to new maps |
| Astrolabe | Invented by Greeks, perfected by Muslims, determined altitude of celestial bodies, made it able to plot latitudes |
| Vasco da Gama | Commanded fleet to find route to Indian Ocean, rounded Cape and sailed east coast with guide, found way to trade with India |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquered Incas, arrived after civil war, killed Atahualpa, opened up Mexico, expanded European relations with New World |
| Santa Fe Capitulations | Named Columbus viceroy over any discovered territory, gave him 10% of material rewards, kickstarted Columbus's journeys |
| Christopher Columbus | Born in Genoa, got funding from royal family to make voyage, conquered American islands, revolutionized world power and trade |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Drew imaginary line down Atlantic, Spain gets left, Portugal gets east, Cabral gets Brazil for Portugal |
| Baroque | Emotional, exuberant art, appeals to senses, kindles faith of common people, drew from Catholic Reformation, Rubens, Bach, 17th and 18th centuries |
| Quinto | Tax on South American metal, 1/5 of all metal mined there, 25% of monarchy income, reinforced mining as main industry, Crown shipped back manufactured goods |
| Viceroyalties | Divisions of Spanish empire, New Spain, Pern, New Granada, La Plata, quinto, viceroy represented sovereign, broad authority |
| Golden Century of Spain | 16th century, started from American silver, Charles V and Philip start empire, Spanish Armada, etc. |
| Magnetic Compass | enabled sailors to determine direction and position, stolen from China, along with astrolabe etc., improved European exploration |
| Peace of Westphalia | Ended 30 Years' War, ended religious conflicts, limited power of Roman emperor, acknowledged Dutch independence, France gets Alsace, Sweden got Baltic Sea |
| Protestant Union | alliance of Protestants, bent on preventing Catholics from advancing, built up sides for 30 Years' War, accompanied by Catholic League |
| Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis | ended Habsburg-Valois Wars, France acknowledges Spain's dominance in Italy, did not bring peace, led to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants |
| Malacca | on South China Sea, goods from all over the world, music, ballads, poetry |
| Entrepot | port without taxes, goods shipped for temporary storage, goods from all over the world |
| Admiral Zheng He | led naval expeditions, desire for more goods in China, brought back spices, books, hardwood, giraffe, expanded trade |
| Mansa Musa | successor of founder of Mali, made pilgrimage to Mecca, linked African and Muslim worlds, led giant caravan, developed Timbuktu |
| Constantinople | Turkish city, captured in 1453, renamed Istanbul, largest city in Europe and Middle East, advanced Ottoman expansion, led to new trade routes |
| Spice Trade | first controlled by Venice and Genoa, made Venice rich and powerful, eventually monopolized by the Dutch |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | explorer supported by nobility, led to Portugal's success in the spice trade, had financial and moral support, inspired mobility to support explorers |
| General History of the Indies | eyewitness account of American plants, animals, people, widely read, by Oviedo, fascinated people, helped propel process of expansion |
| Rationalism | nothing based on faith, secular and critical, science could be use to explain life, one of the major concepts of the Enlightenment |
| Empiricism | Bacon, Brahe, Galileo, knowledge through experiments, rejected Aristotlean speculation, multiple experiments create general principles |
| Salons | fancy women gatherings, politics and economics, witty conversation on smart things, brought French elites together, spurred public Enlightenment, women in Enlightenment |
| General Will | Rousseau, common interests of people, sovereign, appealed to democrats and nationalists, also used by dictators--they represent it |
| Philosophes | mostly French elite, educated language, not too strong absolutism, asked questions, brought enlightenment to ignorant, reforms in government, Montes, Voltaire, etc. |
| Skepticism | Bayle--nothing can be known without doubt, varied beliefs, we don't know anything, new cultures--are we right?, Descartes--doubt everything |
| Experimental Method | Galileo, no speculation, balls and inertia, telescopes, rejected blind religious view, find things out for yourself |
| Tabula Rasa | Locke, born with blank slate, environment creates beliefs, rejected Descartes, empiricism--experiences, education and social interactions make people smart |
| Separation of Powers | Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, strong and independent upper class, power divided among varied classes, rationalism in government, avoiding despotism |
| Enlightenment | 18th century, natural science and reason, social science, progress, France mostly, philosophes, separation of powers, Copernicus |
| Enlightened Absolutism | late 18th century, government officials interested in philosophes, let some people in, Catherine and Frederick, best governments benefit people, simpler laws and education |
| Law of Universal Gravitation | result of Newton's experiments, every object attracts each other, precise and mathematical, unified universe, reflects Enlightenment's secular thought to explain universe |
| Progress | stemmed from birth of social sciences, better societies and better people, fueled by economic and social improvement, we're smarter now because rationalism, one of the key ideas of Enlightenment |
| Copernican Hypothesis | heliocentric, still believed in Aristotle (spheres), but implied no spheres, big universe, no place for heaven, attacked by religion, spread slowly |
| Public | celebrated debate and reason, people could come together and talk, Enlightenment not offered to common people, D'Alembert, rising literacy, participation, blind and noisy multitudes |
| Worldview | skeptic, not religious, Enlightenment, 18th century, progress, rationalism, social science, way people see the world, philosophes |
| Cartesian Dualism | Descartes, doubt everything, experiment to relearn, matter and mind, world is two entities, reflected skepticism of Enlightenment |
| Law of Inertia | Galileo, demonstrated with balls, rest not natural state, continues motion, destroyed Aristotlean physics |
| Junkers | Prussian landowners, fought GE against unification, lost, permanently taxed, example of Prussian absolutism |
| Noblesse d'epee | sword nobility, part of Fronde, started rebellions, compromise and quell, led to Louis 14 being declared king |
| Stadholder | representative of States General, highest executive in providence, maintained order, Maurice and William Louis, constitutionalism |
| Protectorate | ruled by Cromwell, military dictatorship, Instrument of Government, Cromwell and council of state, 12 districts headed by general, mercantilism |
| Puritans | wanted to get rid of Catholic influence in Church of England, no bishops, rings, or fancy, zealous Calvinists, many were successful capitalists |
| Bohemian Estates | representative body in country, Protestant Czech nobility, crushed by Catholic Habsburgs, reduced power and increased serfs |
| Absolute Monarchy | Louis XVI, nobility had no power, actually collaborated, nationalism, enhance country, religious unity |
| Patronage | elaborate rank-based rituals, came from ancient Rome, protection in exchange for service, cooperation from nobility |
| Dutch East India Company | 1602, joint-stock, investors get commission, Latin America and West Africa, East Asia |
| Millet System | Ottoman system of religious tolerance, divided religions into groups, Orthodox, Jews, Americans, Muslims, each had own government and regulations, bonded religious leaders and ruling class, led to centralization |
| New Model Army | Cromwell and Fairfax, parliamentary army, defeated king's armies at Naseby and Langport, abolished kingship |
| Sovereignty | monopoly over justice, state laws and army are strongest, goal for 17th-century states, state courts have no competition |
| Moral Economy | aim of peasant revolts, bread prices rose, peasants stole them and resold, community needs are more important than competition, women took the lead |
| Service Nobility | Russian nobility, loyal to tsar, held land, had to serve in army, strengthened power of tsar |
| Sultan | leader of Ottoman Empire, held all agricultural land, had lots of slaves, did everything the opposite of Europe |
| Elector of Brandenburg | chose Holy Roman Emperor, no military strength, lost 30 Years' War, led the way to Prussian absolutism |
| Baroque | scorned as overblown, emotional and exuberant, touches ordinary churchgoers, Italy post-1600 |
| Cossacks | groups of free Russian peasants, fled after population loss and demands, maintained shaky independence, peasants tied to land to prevent |
| Viceroyalties | New Spain, Peru, New Granada, La Plata, viceroy had broad authority, audiencia--12-15 judges |
| States General | Dutch assembly, handled foreign affairs, not sovereign, Estates had to approve actions, example of constitutionalism |
| Divine Right of Kings | kings anointed by God, God's representative on Earth, had to obey God's laws, Louis XIV, government reform and absolutism |
| Totalitarianism | more 20th-century, all of state's culture must interest states, ruled by dictator, based off absolutism |
| Mercantilism | state regulates economy, wealth based on gold, sell more than you buy, inspection and regulation, overseas trade |
| French Classicism | art and literature of Louis XIV, back to Renaissance, movement away from Baroque, Lully, Moliere, Racine |
| Popular Revolts | stemmed from bread riots, Spain, Portugal, Italy, 1700s, Catalonia, Palermo, led government to lower bread prices, attracted more peasants |
| Autocracy | ruled by 1 person, prominent in Russian tsars, peasants exploited and forced to do labor, led to revolts and nobility taxes |
| Mongol Yoke | Mongols ruled Slavs for 200 years, capital of Saray, transformed politics, princes, led to tsars |
| Constitutionalism | limitation of government by law, balance between authority and liberty, may be written of unwritten, government acknowledges constitution, not the same as democracy, electorate is sovereign |
| Eastern Orthodoxy | major religion in Russia, holy Russia is 3rd Rome, source of Russian loyalty, fueled by Constantinople |
| Raison d'etat | Cardinal Richelieu's reason of state, reformed religious beliefs, people can commit sin if it's for state, used to justify building French state |
| Hereditary Subjugation | Russia, 1653, peasants bound between generations, part of serfdom |
| Boyar Nobility | highest Russian nobility, tsar had power over them, had consensus with tsar, allowed tsars to gain power |
| Peace of Utrecht | ended War of Spanish Succession, France surrendered some territory, balance of power, cooperation, end of French expansion |
| Quinto | 1/5 of colonial metal, 25% of Spanish income, manufactured goods to Americas |
| Sefdom | declined before Black Death, came back, peasants serve lord, limited movement, hereditary subjugation, fueled by growing economy and political power |
| Cabinet System | Cabal, royal ministers must answer to Commons, created harmony between king and Parliament, both advisers to king and members of Parliament |
| Intendants | attempt by Richelieu to strengthen noble council, performed tasks in provinces, orders, taxes, economy, not native to provinces |
| Don Quixote | Cervantes, protagonist lives in dream, military glory, idealistic but improbable, 17th-century Spain |
| 2nd Treatise of Civil Government | Locke, life, liberty, property should be government's only function, limit vote to property owners, people under tyranny can revolt, popular in colonial America |
| Estates | clergy, nobles, communes, negotiated taxes, only in some provinces |
| Republican Government | representation, constitution, many were actually oligarchies |
| Fronde | opposed government, opposed low judicial salaries, compromise is necessary, quelled opponents of Crown |
| Noblesse de Robe | newer nobility, where intendants were recruited from, army, economy, taxes, increased power of French state |
| Debt Peonage | stemmed from slavery and labor, created by Creoles in an attempt to become an aristocracy, planter keeps Indians in debt by offering food, form of serfdom |
| Mercantilism | money=power. Colbert, Louis XIV, imports equal to exports, maximize gold to pay for war |
| Navigation Acts | Cromwell and Charles II, British goods on British ships, shipowners get monopoly, helped homeland and colonies, trained seamen for navy |
| Common Lands | grazing, oxen and horses, milk, dairy, meat, healthier |
| Enclosure | landowners fence fields, few people grow crops, kept pillagers off fields, fewer jobs, migrate to cities, only in England, helped it develop |
| Agricultural Revolution | new technology and techniques, crop rotation, more food, open fields, common lands, enclosure, no more fallow |
| Mestizos | mixed-race people in Mexico, half-Spanish, half-Indian, talented ones wanted to join Creoles, wanted to be rich enough to be classified as white, 30% |
| Open-Field Systems | plowed-out and farm, family has same spot, same crops, exhaustion, alternate growth and fallow, less food grown, need solution, led to rotation |
| Economic Liberalism | Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, anti-mercantilism, government should only defend, maintain order, sponsor wars, competitive self-interest to prevent government oppression |
| Crop Rotation | root crops add nutrients, increases yield, less fallow, more food, people better off, part of Agricultural Revolution |
| Putting-Out System | merchant capitalist gives out raw materials, pay workers for finished products, get more material, take product to next step, assembly line, stress on people, hold up line |
| Cottage Industry | work in home or shed, paid by capitalist, organized into putting-out, slow process, but works, textile industry in England, see putting-out |
| Creoles | people of Spanish blood born in America, stimulated to buy things with increased silver, wanted to become aristocracy, forced labor and peonage |
| Famine Foods | grass, dandelions, etc., came back for Depression, cannibalism, grazing, ended with potato |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | increased 1700-1750, 80k per year, feeding need for labor in colonies, provided money for industrial goods |
| Proletarianization | people became employed, farmers to wage earners, cities grew, remaining peasants exploited, caused population explosion, minority holds most of land |
| Purging | selling laxatives to rich, considered essential for good health, 18th-century cities, medicine fashionable, meant for rich, apothecaries advertised |
| Infanticide | women who couldn't provide for babies, 30% didn't make it past 10, punishable by death, smothered in countryside, foundling homes in cities, not successful, neglect, disease |
| Community Controls | illegitimate children are threat to economy, not family planning, sex limited, affairs giving loud publicity |
| Illegitimacy Explosion | 1750-1850, pregnancy before marriage, cottage industry, courtship and love, moved to cities |
| Blood Sports | bullbaiting and cockfighting, commercial, paying, betting, bull attacked by dogs, chickens fight, became criticized, high-energy, part of Carnival, people wanted chaos |
| Wet-Nursing | nurses who nursed aristocrats' babies, full-time work, breastfeeding was undignified, France, led to high infant mortality and lower birthrates |
| Carnival | Catholic Europe, preceded Lent, basically Mardi Gras, released frustration over hierarchy, increasingly criticized by rich, critical Enlightenment view |
| Pietism | warm, emotional, enthusiastic prayer, Wesley and Methodists, everybody is a part of church |
| Jesuits | Loyola, Asians, etc., had political influence, gained enemies, enemies forced them out, monarchs take over church, dissolved in 1773 |
| Smallpox Inoculation | came from Asia, Montagu spread it, Jenner made vaccination for it, take disease and put it in to build immunity, 1 in 50 people died, vaccination |
| Extended Family | 3-4 generations, began to lose popularity, married couples moved out |
| Killing Nurses | 50% of foundlings die in first year, neglectful wet nurses, move on to next family and get paid again, expected to care for other baby over own |
| Just Price | prices should benefit consumers and producers, government should enforce prices, moral economy, stole and resold bread when prices get too high |
| Methodists | John Wesley's Holy Club, formed at Oxford, anxiety, everyone can be saved, mocked as too enthusiastic, very organized |
| Reign of Terror | solidified homefront, special courts tried and executed traitors, created nationalism, strengthened dictatorship theory, Robespierre's CPS led, 10,000+ died |
| 2nd Revolution | after Louis arrested, September Massacres, executed king supporters, make republic, new calendar, Catholicism, nationalism, National Convention, radical |
| Great Fear | peasants don't pay taxes and re-occupy lands, Bastille, protest against exploitation, led to abolishment of manorial rights, Versailles got itself together and gave in |
| Manorial Rights | privileges of nobles, monopolies, fishing, swords, 3rd estate annoyed, helps fuel revolt, taxing, eventually reduced, extended back to Middle Ages |
| Sovereignty | control over laws and justice, held by monarchy, popular was goal of revolutions, representative government, Declaration of Independence in US |
| Classical Liberalism | laissez-faire, still liberty and equality, 18th century, no government interference, modern favors government programs, class limitations to vote |
| Thermidorean Reaction | reaction to Reign of Terror, Robespierre and supporters executed, bourgeoisie reasserts authority, few economic controls, sans-culottes limited, hit sans-culottes very hard with inflation, led to revolt--failed |
| Jacobins | group in Legislative Assembly, debated political questions, revolutionary, distrusted king, declared war on Austria, Girondists and Mountain, Robespierre, CPS |
| Family Monarchy | father was head of household, Napoleon's goal, women lost rights |
| Nationalism | common language and tradition, democracy and popular sovereignty, commitment to country, supported Reign of Terror, everyone participated, large armies, resulted from patriotic victory |
| Girondists | division of Jacobins, moderate, didn't want to execute king, struggled with Mountain, feared dictatorship, many executed when Mountain and sans-culottes join |
| The Mountain | division of Jacobins, led by Robespierre, executed king and later Girondists with sans-culottes, joined sans-culottes to form CPS, feared Girondist conservatives, most radical |
| Planned Economy | Robespierre and CPS, socialism, government sets max prices, could not enforce, rationing, equality, government also tells people what to make, no supply and demand |
| Estates | France/Old Regime, clergy, nobility, working, 3rd paid taxes, bourgeoisie led 3rd in revolution, represented in Assembly |
| Sans-Culottes | laboring poor, did everything, Bastille, Versailles, joined with Mountain in politics, economic input, bread prices, named after pants |
| Representative Government | goal of revolutions, no monarch, liberal, started with Estates General, National Assembly represented people's desires more, women lead fight, French Republic eventually formed, men who owned property could vote |
| Checks and Balances | Montesquieu, against absolutism, strong middle class, power checks power, motivation for republic, used in America too |
| Constitutional Monarchy | monarchy limited, representatives have power, National Assembly represents people, king is head of state, assembly has power, monarchs eventually overthrown, ended when Louis executed |
| Liberty and Equality | liberalism, no censorship, USA and France revolutions, representative government with class limitations, laissez-faire (planned economy limited), people's rights enforced with Declaration, economic growth, no government restrictions |
| Bourgeoisie | upper middle class in 3rd Estate, laws limited economic potential, nobility limited aspirations, led 3rd Estate in revolt, capitalistic and divided |
| Industrial Revolution | burst of invention, 1800-1850, starts in UK, also political, revolutions inspired liberalism, socialism, cotton, railroads |
| Spinning Jenny | woman controls multiple spindles, invented by Hargreaves because of thread shortage, women more efficient, led to cotton becoming cheap and plentiful |
| Water Frame | another cotton-spinning thing, 100+ spindles, need water and mill, only spun coarse thread, needed more power than people, led to factories |
| Body Linen | underwear, made from expensive cloth, only originally available to rich, became cheaper with cotton innovations, increased demand |
| Steam Engine | Savery and Newcomen, burned coal to produce steam, operates pump, Watt improves in 1760, efficient power, iron boom, almost unlimited power |
| Coke | made from coal, replaced charcoal in iron smelt, could be processed with iron, used in steam engine, iron boom, Henry Cort in 1780s |
| Rocket | first locomotive, George Stephenson, 1830, Liverpool to Manchester, kickstarted rail development, shipping, industry, etc. |
| Crystal Palace | 1851 industrial fair, made of now cheap glass and iron, showed everyone how awesome Britain was, proved Britain's industrial progress, 20% of goods |
| Iron Law of Wages | Ricardo, stemmed from Malthus population study, wages always are the lowest they can be, somewhat right, economy and population race, economics is the dismal science, low wages cause revolts, rich get richer |
| Grand National Consolidated Trades Union | nationwide labor union, socialism, no guilds, failed--individual/craft unions, craft unions went into politics, Chartists |
| Combination Acts | 1799, no unions, resulted from workers campaigning for rights, highly disregarded, only fueled revolution, led to socialism and national union |
| Mines Act of 1842 | no mine work for women or boys under 10, resulted from sexual assault of young workers, some women protested (mines paid), spurred sexual division of labor, women should care for family |
| Factory Act of 1833 | limited workday for children, victory for reformers, required elementary schools, created subcontractors, tighter kinship, thriving communities |
| Class-Consciousness | people belong to conflicting groups, explained society, new working class realizes they exist, labor reforms, campaign for rights |
| Economic Nationalism | List, etc., economy thrives in home country without trade, tariff protections, wider gap in development, danger, weakness |
| Tariff Protection | taxes on imports, promotes home economy, France, Germany, List, continent bears cost of rails and canals, strong economy=strong country |
| Carlsbad Decrees | 1819, Metternich, censored papers and created spies, conservative, made liberal enemies who wanted him gone |
| Great Famine | mid-1800s, Ireland, blight ruined potato crops, starvation and sickness, many fled, government slow to act because of laissez-faire, promoted Irish nationalism |
| Corn Laws | 1815 revision, no foreign grain without price hike, profits for aristocracy, protests, Peterloo, Six Acts, tons of unemployment |
| Romanticism | 1750s, great emotion, Sturm und Draang in Germany 1770s and 1780s, madness and suicide in authors, nature, anti-industry, Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron, Sand, Delacriox, Constable |
| Socialism | post-1815, started in France, economic planning, help the war, no private property, Marx, proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie, mostly working class, universal male suffrage, revolutions in 1848 |
| Nationalism | each people has cultural unity, people wanted nation-states, no standard language, began with Napoleon and French Revolution, unification of one people |
| Laissez-Faire | classical liberalism, unrestricted private enterprise, Adam Smith, invisible hand guides market, citizens get equal opportunity to succeed, business interests |
| Holy Alliance | 1815, Austria, Prussia, Russia, repression of liberals, Metternich, Carlsbad, Metternich's policies ruled until 1848, peace settlement, territory, enlarge France |
| Congress of Vienna | 1814, Russia, Prussia, Austria, UK, fashioned peace settlement after Napoleonic War, lenient, France keeps territory after 1792, balance of political and army, Metternich, each gets territory (Poland), Prussia is sentinel on east of Rhine |
| Liberalism | liberty and equality, 1st Amendment freedoms, laissez-faire, narrow class interests, turned into radical socialism, universal male suffrage |
| Dual Revolution | 1800s, economy and politics fuse, middle class grows, republics, Europe to world, reinforce each other, new ideas about economy and government |
| Proletariat | working class, poor and grew poorer, population and class-consciousness increase, would conquer B |
| Sturm und Draang | 1770s-80s, Germany, Storm and Stress, early romantics, Goethe, very dramatic, suicide, madness, hippies |
| Bourgeoisie | middle class, owned production, rich, would eventually be overthrown, enemy of socialists |
| Doers | St.-Simon, scientists and industrialists, could plan economy, allows greater development with industry |
| Battle of Peterloo | protest against Corn Laws, peaceful, violently crushed, urban laborers, against taxes and unemployment, government's determination to crush oppression, led to Six Acts--no mass meetings |
| Parasites | Saint-Simon, court and aristocracy, needed to get out of government forever, hinder progress, replaced by doers |
| Benthamites | radical, science to solve public problems, Chadwick, greatest good for greatest number, prevent disease by cleaning up city, disease and death cause poverty, others developed pasteurization, germ theory, etc. |
| Defense Mechanisms | Freud, hide deep sexual needs, son competes with father for mother's love, intense, needs motivate behavior |
| Labor Aristocracy | 15% working class, highly skilled, earned 2 times the money, bosses, foremen, not industrialized, pressure from threat of factories, family values and firm morals |
| Pasteurization | 1854, developed from germ theory, heating beverages prevents spoiling, led to people culturing germs and making vaccines, decreased death rates in cities |
| Germ Theory | Pasteur, 1854, diseases caused by living organisms, organisms can be controlled, opposite of miasmatic, led to antiseptic and pasteurization, decreased diseases |
| Miasmatic Theory | original disease theory, bad odors cause disease, 1840s and 1850s--germ theory becomes prevalent, disease spread through filth and not caused by it |
| Antiseptic Principle | 1865, Lister, sanitize everything, bacteria in air infect wounds, 1880s, surgeons sterilize, helped lower death rates in cities |
| Realism | 1840-1890, less poetry, more facts, no romantic search for paradise, closeup on taboo, Tolstoy, Balzac, Flaubert |
| Social Darwinists | Spencer, specialization due to economic struggles, natural selection for people, poor weak, prosperous strong, supported by upper middle class |
| Positivist Method | scientific method, Comte, society goes from religion to metaphysical to science, sociology explains people, evolution and dynamic development |
| Separate Spheres | women control home money, wife homemaker, husband moneymaker, women paid less, low-paying jobs, children decisions, no rights under husband, some rebelled, slow progress |
| Thermodynamics | built on newton, heat and mechanical energy, laws applied to engineering, universe governed by firm laws, Comte-transitioned to science |
| Evolution | 19th century, Lamarck and Darwin, Origin of Species, differences help some survive, not popular, Social Darwinists apply to society, atheism spreads |
| Organic Chemistry | study of carbon, practical science, coal tar to dyes |
| Illegitimacy Explosion | 1750-1850, third of babies illegitimate, urban working classes, no money no marriage, rural and religious did not experience, people married after they got pregnant |
| Zemstvo | 1864, Russia, part of Great Reforms, local government elected by 3 class, subordinate to nobility, reformation of legal system, more successful |
| Homestead Act | 1862, US, gave western land to settlers, supported free labor and Northern business, nationalism, manifest destiny |
| Modernization | country changes in order to compete with others, Russia gets rid of serfs and industrializes, Ottomans destroy jannisaries and form Tanzimat |
| Zionism | Herzl, supported Jewish state, 1893 anti-Semitic parties, Christian socialists cause Jews to turn away from nationalism, eastern Jews went to west, US, and Palestine |
| People's Budget | 1906, UK, increased social welfare money, vetoed by aristocratic lords, aristocratic conservatism fails with Liberal Party and king's support, fast social reform |
| Dreyfus Affair | 1898-99, France, Jewish captain falsely convicted of treason, army vs. republicans, declared innocent, republicans sever ties to church, republic nationalism wins, grows in power |
| Reichstag | German lower legislature, popularly elected, National Liberals supported Bismarck, unification, social welfare to keep socialists happy, Social Democrats got seats despite Bismarck's repression, focus on gradual reform, patriotic |
| Revolution of 1905 | Russia, military defeat in Asia, working class does not want aristocracy, nationalism from poverty, October Manifesto victory, elected Duma, resulted in constitutional monarchy |
| Duma | Russia, 1906, resulted from October Manifesto, elected by universal male suffrage, mostly middle class liberals who disagreed with tsar, dismissed and filled with landowners, conservative constitutional monarchy |
| Bloody Sunday | January 1905, Russia, workers gather on Winter Palace to present petition, shot, turned workers against tsar, fueled revolution for popular government |
| October Manifesto | 1905, Russia, tsar capitulates after rejection, full civil rights and elected Duma, tsar retains powers, Duma eventually filled with landowners, constitutional monarchy |
| Red Shirts | 1860, Garibaldi's guerrillas, inspired Sicily to help liberate itself and join Italy, Cavour used them to funnel nationalism into Italian kingdom |
| Revisionism | German trade unions, update Marx with times, Bernstein, no revolution, gradual reform, considered heresy, yet spread |
| Zollverein | 1834, German customs, promoted trade, excluded Austria, Austria tries to destroy it, Prussia joins German struggle against Austria, allowed middle class to become richer and unify |
| Kulturkampf | 1870, Germany, Bismarck attacks Catholic Church, Pius declares infallibility, Church over nation, National Liberals, Prussia--Catholic Center Party protects church, eventually allies with Bismarck because they were farmers and Bismarck laid grain tariff |
| 100 Days of Reform | 1898, China, reform to match West, Sun-Yat-Sin wants republic, Boxers rebel against traditionalists, Qing Dynasty eventually toppled, republic established |
| Afrikaners | descendants of Dutch in Cape Colony, aka Boers, proclaimed independence and defended South Africa, UK defeats them in Boer Wars, but could have self-government, nonwhites lost rights |
| Shogun | Japanese military governor, had power over figurehead emperor, weakened when Europe destroys forts, overthrown in Meiji, emperor restored |
| Opium Trade | UK and China, UK sneaks in, Canton ruins China and strips silver, Qing kicks out UK, war, UK wins, trade flourishes, China opened by force |
| Great White Walls | laws to keep Asians out, Asians migrate to work, conflict with European settlers, "whites only" popular in settled lands, whites reap benefits and become richer |
| New Imperialism | fight for political emperors, contrasted with 1816-1880 (open countries but leave them independent), similar to colonial empires, new competition, war, rumors, aimed at Africa and Asia |
| Swallows | Italians, temporary migration, harvested wheat in Italy in fall, went to Argentina to harvest more, exhausting but saved money, gave migrants opportunities for higher living standards |
| White Man's Burden | named after Kipling poem, civilize cultures with Western economies, medicine, etc. , led to Americans ruling Philippines instead of freeing, imperial government protects from tribal war, spread Catholicism and education |
| Samurai | Japanese warrior nobility, helped shogun rule, radical kills foreign diplomats, warships demolish Japanese forts, seize power in 1867 Meiji Restoration to meet foreign threat, decide to Westernize to be superior |
| Khedive | Egyptian prince, Ismail (1863) is westernizer, wanted to be part of Europe, took on European loans, had to let Europe rule in order to pay, Tewfia abdicates, UK sets up puppet government |
| Peasant Revolts | 1320s, Flanders, mostly financial motivation (tithes, taxes), peasants fed up with being exploited, peasants' higher demands were not met, led to the end of rural serfdom |
| Great Migration | 19th century, Western expansion popularized it, population growth, overpopulation, no land leads to unemployment, peasant landowners and craftsmen, driven by agriculture, helped colonial economy, swallows, Asians migrate because of rural hardships |
| Berlin Conference | 1884 and 1885, effective occupation determines who gets Africa, everyone divides up Africa, led to Bismarck and Leopold conquering |
| Great Rebellion | India, 1857 and 1858, Muslims and Hindus in UK army rebel, crushed by native Indian troops (loyal to UK), last attempt by ruling class to drive UK out, led to UK ruling India directly |
| 3rd World | Africa, Asia, Latin America, economy grows 25x slower, GDP stagnates, no industry, industry power led to colonization |
| Army Order No. 1 | elected soldier committees have power, designed to protect from counter-revolution, collapse of discipline, people just took land, anarchy, leads to rise of Lenin |
| Triple Entente | 1914, UK, France, Russia, checks Germany's power, strangles ally Austria, failure to protect Germany after Bismarck resigns, peace turns to aggression to protect Germany |
| Bolsheviks | Lenin's majority group, Marxian socialists, revolutionary, rejected cooperation with government, attempt to seize power fails, L flees, Ger sneaks L back in, appealed to workers, soldiers, power with Trotsky and Oct (1917), turns into Communist Party |
| Balfour Declaration | UK, 1917, supports Jewish state in Palestine, but don't hurt people already there, some thought it would help war effort, UK mandates Jewish state, Faisal declares Syria and Iraq independent, some thought state could not have majority |
| Petrograd Soviet | 2k-3k workers and soldiers, rival of Russian provisional government, issued radical orders like 1, socialist, revolutionary democracy, weakened provisional government, led to Lenin |
| Treaty of Versailles | Allies and Germany, 1919, Ger loses colonies, limit army but no loss in Europe, has to pay reparations, national self-determination, Lodge and Republicans don't like League's power, unconditional surrender, Weimar forced to sign, led to isolationist US |
| Constituent Assembly | 1917, Bolshevik government, freely elected, new constitution, Bolsheviks only get 1/4, Socialist revolutionaries win, only meets for 1 day, disbanded, 1-party government forming |
| League of Nations | Wilson wants to avert future wars, UK and France want to punish Germany, France eventually allies with UK and US, Germany loses little territory but has to pay reparations, collective action limits Congress, US never joins and become isolationist |
| Cheka | old secret police, revolutionary terror, shot tsar and family, ordinary people, Bolsheviks use it to cause fear and silence opposition, victory, hunted real and supposed enemies |
| Ataturk | Mustafa Kemal, unified Turkish resistance to invasion after defeat, atheist, not nationalist, created 1-party republic, separate church and state, moves Turkey toward Europe |
| Lusitania | 1915, British passenger ship, sunk by Germans, 139 Americans died, Wilson protests, Germany relaxes subs or else war, Germany doesn't listen and goes after Brit blockade, USA enters war |
| Total War | effort on all sides, settled demand for money and weapons by planning economy, capitalism abandoned, rationing, strengthened socialism, showed planned economy could work |
| Three Emperors' League | 1873, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia (pulled out), conservative, anti-radical, Bismarck allies with Austria-Hungary, secretly allies with Russia though originally against, formed rival blocs, led to Triple Alliance with Italy |
| War Raw Materials Board | Rathenau (German), every material (manure, oil, hair) rationed along with food, substitutes and synthetics so real could make explosives, Germany does not tax firms enough, inflation, class conflict |
| War Communism | total war in civil conflict, minorities vs. Bolsheviks, rationed grain, national banks, everyone must work, broke down economy, but kept army strong, reverse Robin Hood, led to Red (Bolshevik) victory, radical success |
| Black Hand | group that Serbian Princip was in, hated Aus b/c they lost Albania in Balkan Wars, nationalist terror, lost Rus support because Rus was weak after revolution, Aus kept taking land, Princip kills Franz Ferdinand, Aus and Serb go to war, Ger supports Aus |
| Trench Warfare | effort to protect from machine guns, shells soften oppositions, soldiers go over the top to fight, 500-700k deaths, little land (3 miles), shattered generation, destroyed nationalism |
| WPA | part of New Deal, creates new agencies, uses government to provide for welfare, shift from stress on community responsibility, checks social revolution with hope of jobs |
| New Deal | FDR promises, wins 1932 election, rejects socialism, forceful government intervention, social security, agriculture programs, NRA fixes prices (unconstitutional), creates new agencies (WPA), only partially successful |
| Great Depression | 1929-1933, stock market, shatters optimism, unemployment, makes people look to new leaders, fascism rises with promises to get the economy back on track |
| Mein Kampf | Hitler's book, written in prison (tried to proclaim Nazi revolution), outlined programs with Nazis, does not succeed initially, gains power after Depression with promises of recovery |
| Dawes Plan | reparations commission to compromise with Germany, reparations depend on prosperity, helps economy recover, Germany gets loans from US, pays reparations, can pay back loans, facilitates worldwide recovery |
| Bauhaus | Gropius, architecture, merges fine and applied arts, brought together designers and architects, stresses functionalism and everyday impact |
| Dadaism | attacks art, delights in outrageous, nonsensical name, attracted to surrealism, breaking art boundaries, reflects uncertainty (what is art?), revolt against impressionism |
| Stream-of-Consciousness | literature, focus on complexity and mind, Ulysses, Sound and the Fury, Jacob's Room, mirrors modern life as riddle, limited viewpoint of individual |
| Functionalism | architecture, buildings must serve purpose, Le Corbusier, Sullivan, steel and concrete, mass-produced materials, Gropius founds Bauhaus, combine applied art and fine art |
| Id, Ego, Superego | Freud, human behavior is irrational, sexual/aggression, can do (rational), should do (moral), I and S compromise, society restricts values and cripples people with fear, misinterpreted as you need sex |
| Neutron | 1920s, heroic age of physics, Rutherford discovers that atom can be split, could pass through other atoms and create chain reaction, road to atomic bomb |
| Existentialism | opposes rationalism and empiricism, we are responsible for our own lives, Sartre, humans simply exist, no higher purpose, still atheist, we must act and be engaged |
| Logical Empiricism | all knowledge derived from experience, happiness is nonsense, pessimism, atheism, God is waste of time, Wittgenstein, use reason to get to the truth, anxious people could find few answers |
| Social Democrats | largest political party in Sweden and Norway, cooperation, uses deficits to finance public works, social welfare, large bureaucracy and high taxes, middle road between communism and capitalism |
| Popular Front | France, 1936, alliance between Communists, Socialists, Radicals, Socialists become most powerful, stemmed from loss of unity and fascist rights, Leon Blum (Socialist) encourages movements and workers' rights, sabotaged by inflation, labor unrest, crisis |
| Appeasement | UK, give Hitler anything he wants to avoid war, naval agreement breaks Germany's isolation, don't stop Hitler invading Rhineland, also dictates French policy, motivated by guilt and threat of war, underestimated Hitler |
| Blitzkreig | German lightning war, used to take Poland, defeat UK at Dunkirk, bombs London but UK fights back, Hitler able to expand |
| New Order | Hitler's empire, Moscow to English Channel, racial imperialism, Nordics, Danes, then east, enslave Poles, Ukranians, Russians, mass settlement space, SS capture and murder Poles, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, Holocaust |
| Enabling Act | gave Hitler absolute power for 4 years, free to smash or control all independent organizations, Germany becomes 1-party state, Hitler can play conflicting bureaucracy |
| Nazism | Hitler/Germany, 1924-1945, nationalism, expel inferior people to keep Germany great, Lueger shows power of propaganda, abolish capitalism, create people's community, blame Jews and Marxists for Germany's defeat, take over fledgling Weimar |
| Fuhrer | Hitler/Germany, leader-dictator with unlimited power, comes to power during Depression by promising work and bread, rule by decree, Reichstag becomes farce, Enabling Act restores power |
| Kulaks | better-off peasants, stripped of land and livestock, not permitted to join collective farms, many starved or were deported, came to mean anyone who opposed system, whole villages attacked |
| Collectivization | war on peasantry, individual farms to state-controlled, economic and human disaster, grain stagnates, no financial contribution, human slaughter, only one side armed, casualties women, children, old, liquidating kulaks |
| Black Shirts | Mussolini's private army, attack Socialists at night, few killed, but push Socialists out of government, convince people that they are fighting against established interests, kill Socialist leader, abolishes freedoms |
| Totalitarianism | 1920s and 1930s, subordinate all institutions to the state for victory, use tech and communications to control politics, economy, culture, everything, revolt against liberalism, unlimited state propaganda |
| Fascism | more Germany, not USSR, nationalism, racism, private property and middle class survived, antisocialist, destroy working movements, glorifies war and military, failed to gain long-term political power |
| Five-Year Plan | Stalin, 1928, mobilize and transform society along socialist lines, propaganda, increased productions, stamp out capitalism, advance economy, collectivize to limit power of peasants/kulaks |
| NEP | Stalin, 1921, peasants can sell surpluses instead of Bolsheviks stealing grain, industry still nationalized, compromised with peasants to avoid them overthrowing the government |
| Lateran Agreement | 1929, recognizes Vatican and gives church finance, pope urges Italians to support Mussolini, support from Catholic Church, Mussolini compromises with existing powers, helps Mussolini gain power legally |
| Big Three | Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, met in 1943 to finalize alliance and attack Germany from both sides, met again in 45, Stalin stronger, Yalta--free east, but Russian (did not work), allies during war, C wants to get in first with news, S wants to be God |
| NATO | 1949, anti-Soviet military coalition, response to Stalin's roadblocks and growing power, Stalin tightens hold on satellites, further divided Europe, protect politically and militarily |
| Cold War | US and USSR, 1945-1980, Marshall Plan aids countries fighting communism, Stalin refuses aid, invades South Korea, Korean War, US ignores power until later to stop Hitler, more aggressive reaction from Stalin, dominates international affairs, build WMDs |
| Marshall Plan | aid to countries fighting communism, Greece and Turkey, Stalin refuses, takes more of east and Czechoslovakia, tightens tensions between US and USSR, also helped Europe after war |
| Christian Democrats | progressive Catholic party, Italy and De Gasperi lead reform, Adenauer makes them majority in West Germany, brought back democracy after war, majority in 1948, common Christian brotherhood |
| Common Market | stemmed from need of European nation, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, no UK, reduced tariffs, free movement, progress, economic success, led to EU, coal and steel treaty, 6=US |
| Decolonization | demand of Africans and Asians for freedom, spread after WWI, power difference decreased between ruler and ruled, Europeans did not want colonial wars, Gandhi in India |
| Neocolonialism | connect with Africa economically, used trading privileges and education, economic dominance, undermine political independence, undermines decolonization, Europe's economy grows |
| De-Stalinization | 1953-Stalin dies, people need reform, Kruschev describes Stalin's atrocities, Communists maintain majority, more agriculture money, less work restriction, writers insult S, concessions & peaceful coexistence abroad, eradicating memory and influence |
| Watergate | 1972, Nixon breaks into Democratic headquarters, resigns in 1974, power shifts from president to Congress, Congress retreats from Vietnam, Vietnam becomes communist, shakes postwar confidence about foreign affairs |
| Big Science | theoretical with practical, helped make better weapons and products, expensive in both US and USSR, large part of military, space race attracted Europeans, community grows, specialization, competition |
| Detente | relaxation of cold war tensions, Brandt reconciles West Germany with Poland, not in USSR, Brezhnev invades Afghanistan, Carter forms American alliance, Final Act--35 European countries guarantee human rights |
| OPEC | Arab-led oil group, Egypt and Syria invade Israel, declare oil embargo, US does nothing, leads to oil shock, misery index rises in US and west |
| Misery Index | inflation+unemployment, increased more in west Europe than USA, caused by oil shock with OPEC, Common Market still survives |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | USSR can be involved in other communist countries, USSR invades Afghanistan, creates tension with US, Carter creates alliance |
| Globalization | freer global economy, stemmed from US power, open economy, computer and electronics revolution, some associated with lower benefits and dying unions, hurt poor |
| New World Order | 1980s, US and UN work together for peace, defeat Iraq and Hussein in Gulf War, UN Security Council preserves peace without disintegrating Iraq |
| Paris Accord | resulted from German unification, Europe, US, USSR, scale down army, all existing borders in Europe legal, end of Cold War, no constant nuke threat |
| Third Way | East Germany, democratic socialism, fear unification and capitalism, closer ties with West, fails--to faltering, West stronger |
| Alliance for Germany | Kohl, conservative-liberal alliance to unify country, exchange East $ for West marks, 1990 wins 50% in East, agree with Gorbachev to be peaceful, beat Communists |
| Velvet Revolution | Czechoslovakia, 1989, student demonstrations, Havel, force communists into resigning, nonviolent |
| Shock Therapy | Poland/Solidarity economy, radical, state planning to private property, reforms monetary system, slow, no USSR confrontation |
| re-Stalinization | 1980s, collective dictatorship, Great Russians want to control land, government only employer, people stay in line to get jobs, more urbaners, scientists, education, less free expression |
| Gdansk Agreement | resulted from shipyard strike, reforms, free speech, economic reforms, unprecedented victory for workers, proceed to organize Solidarity, Poland, beginning of end of communism |
| Solidarity | Walesa and Polish workers, own newspaper, cultural freedom, did not try to take over government, Walesa criticized, party becomes shaky, loses power and outlawed but still supported, fresh thinking in USSR |
| Perestroika | Gorbachev, late 80s, economic restructuring, ease price control, private cooperatives, small and don't do much, people angry |
| Glasnost | Gorbachev, government openness, ends widespread censorship, authors start criticizing Stalin, more liberal reforms |
| European Union | originally Community, expanded in 1993, violent Serbia isolated and boycotted, limit resurgent nationalism, keep peace in, make it very hard for countries with ethnic conflicts (Turkey) to enter |
| KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) | Albanian Muslim militants in Kosovo, Serbia fights them, gets bombed because they won't leave, Serbia exiles Muslims and gets bombed harder, eventually frees Kosovars |
| Maastricht Treaty | monetary union of EU, simple currency, strict financial criteria, West supports, but public skeptical (rules, yield power, budget cuts), step toward unity |
| Baby Bust | birthrates fall, 1.2-1.6 babies, -1/3 working population, higher social security taxes, resulted from uninspiring economy of 80s, postpone birth to work, stabilizes in 2005 with pressures and more support for big families |
| Great Russians | politically dominant, stabilized Russia, Russian heartland, fear independence movements from satellites, nationalist |
| Babylonian Captivity | popes lived in Avignon, 1307-1376, focus on bureaucracy, not spirit, leadership of church cut off from roots, Rome became poverty-stricken |
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