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302 Digestive System
Review of The Digestive System: Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Right Lobe | larger. has sub-divisions called caudate and quadrate |
| Liver | largest internal organ. Inferior to diaphragm |
| Digestion | Food is broken down both mechanically and chemically |
| Alimentary Canal / GI Tract | a continuous tube from the mouth to the anus |
| Accessory organs | secrete their products into the digestive tract |
| Mesentery | suspends small intestine from the posterior body wall |
| Villi | Finger-like extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase surface area |
| Peyer's Patches | collections of lymphatic tissue found in submucosa of small intestine |
| Plicae Circulares | folds of the small intestine wall |
| Two regions involved in the physical breakdown of food | Oral Cavity and Stomach |
| Tongue | Organ that mixes food in the mouth |
| Pharynx | common passage for food and air |
| Greater Omentum, Lesser Omentum, Mesentery | Three extensions/modifications of the peritoneum |
| Esophagus | A food chute with no digestive or absorptive role |
| Rugae | Folds of the stomach mucosa |
| Haustra | sac-like outpocketings of the large intestine wall |
| Microvilli | projections of the plasma membrane of a cell that increase the cell's surface area |
| Ileocecal Valve | prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it has entered the large intestine |
| Small Intestine | Organ responsible for most food and water absorption |
| Colon | Organ primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation |
| Vestibule | Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks |
| Appendix | Blind sac hanging from the initial part of the colon |
| Stomach | Organ in which protein digestion begins |
| Lesser Omentum | Membrane attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach |
| Small Intestine | Organ into which the stomach empties |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Controls the movement of food from the stomach into the duodendum |
| Soft Palate | Uvula hangs from its posterior edge |
| Parietal Peritoneum | Serosa of the abdominal cavity wall |
| Anal Canal | Region containg two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body |
| Hard Palate | Upper-front boundary of the oral cavity which is supported by bone |
| Four Layers of Akimentary Canal | Mucosa - the secretory and absorptive layer. Muscularis Externa - layer composed of at least two muscle layers. Submucosa - Connective tissue layer containing blood, lymph vessels and nerves. Serosa - outermost layer of the wall; visceral peritoneum |
| Salivary Amylase | Starch digestion begins in the mouth when this is ducted in by the salivary glands |
| Hormonal Stimulus | Gastrin, which prods the stomach glands to produce more enzymes and HCL represents a hormonal stimulus |
| Psychological Stimulus | Thought of food makes your mouth water |
| Mechanical Stimulus | Chewing gum to increase saliva formation when your mouth is dry |
| Pepsin | Protein foods are largely acted on in the stomach by Pepsin |
| HCL | For the stomach protein-digesting enzymes to become active, Hydrochloric acid is needed |
| Mucus | The most important means of stomach digestion |
| Rennin | A milk protein-digesting enzyme found in children but uncommon in adults |
| Churning | The third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach wall allows mixing and mechanical breakdown by churning |
| Brush border enzymes | Important intestinal enzymes |
| Bicarbonate-rich fluid | Is ducted into pancreas to protect the small intestine from corrosion caused by HCL in chyme |
| Bile | A nonenzyme substance that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules is bile |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the abdominal serosa |
| Heartburn | Condition resulting from the reflux of acidic gastric juice into the esophagus |
| Jaundice | indicates liver problems or blockage of the biliary ducts |
| Ulcer | Erosion of the stomach or duodenal mucosa |
| Diarrhea | Passage of watery stools |
| Gallstones | causes severe epigastric pain; associated with prolonged storage of bile in the gallbladder |
| Constipation | Inability to pass feces; often a result of poor bowel habits |
| CCK or Secretin Hormone | Stimulate pancreas to release its secretions |
| Gastrin Hormone | This hormone stimulates increased production of gastric juice |
| CCK Hormone | This causes the gallbladder to release stored bile |
| Secretin Hormone | This hormone causes the liver to increase its output of bile |
| Building blocks of Carbohydrates | Monosacchiarides |
| 3 Common simple sugars in our diet | Fructose, Galactose, Glucose |
| Name three Disacchiarides | Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose |
| Amino Acids | Protein foods must be digested to amino acids before they can be absorbed |
| Two building blocks for fats | Fatty Acids and Glycerol |
| Most important simple sugar | Glucose "Blood Sugar" |
| Water absorbed | Passively by diffusion or osmosis |
| Amino Acids absorbed | from digestive tract by active transport |
| Simple Sugars absorbed | from the digestive tract by active transport |
| Fatty Acids absorbed | passively by diffusion or osmosis |
| Electrolytes absorbed | from the digestive tract by active transport |
| Two major types of movement in small intestine | Peristalsis and Segmental |
| Reverse peristalsis | Vomiting |
| Most used substance for producing energy-rich ATP | Carbohydrates |
| Important in building Myelin sheaths and cell membranes | Fats |
| This tends to be conserved by cells | Amino Acids |
| The second most important food source for making cellular energy | Fats |
| Forms insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin | Fats |
| Used to make bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes | Amino Acids |
Created by:
renee3611