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Biology ch 22 plants
Biology Ch. 22 Plants page 479-502
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plant | eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and carry on photosynthesis. The cells have cellulose cell walls. Live in many different environments. 300,000 species, vary from pencil eraser to 100 meters tall |
| plants life cycle- two generations | two distinctly different generations the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation |
| sporophyte generation | diploid (2n), has plant parts in which meiosis takes place to produce haploid (n) spores. |
| spore (plant) | refers to a haploid cell produced by meiosis that germinates to give rise to a multicellular haploid generation known as the gametophyte generation |
| gametophyte generation | is haploid and develops structures that produce gametes; eggs and sperm. Since it is already haploid, eggs and sperm are produced by mitosis. When haploid gametes unite, a diploid zygote is formed. the zygote is the first cell in a new generation |
| Alternation of generations | used to describe the kind of life cycle in which plants cycle between two stages in their life, the diploid sporophyte and the haploid gametophyte (see figure 22.2) page 481 |
| Who do scientists think are the ancestors of plants? | green algae, because green algae also has chlorophyll a and b and the same chloroplasts as the plants. DNA comparisons support this also. |
| What did the evolution of plants shows two general trends. | 1) greater specialization for living in a dry environment 2) toward a more prominent role for the sporophyte generation in the life cycle |
| Vascular tissue | consists of specialized cells arranged end to end that carry water and nutrients from one place to another. |
| Where do non vascular plants live? | moist environments because they lack vascular tissue |
| What was an advancement to non vascular plants? | they developed vascular tissue -specialized cells to help transport water and other materials throughout the plant |
| What was a second major development that allowed advanced plants to exploit terrestrial habitats? | the evolution of seeds that could resist drying |
| What did the most primitive plants lack? | vascular tissue |
| How do plants differ from their algae ancestors? | They have a multicellular immature stage known as the embryo |
| What two evolutionary changes made it possible for plants to grow away from moist habitats? | the evolution of vascular tissue and seeds |
| Starting with Algal ancestor and moving to organisms that have embryos then vascular tissue then seeds. (figure 22.3) page 481 | green algae, (EMBRYOS)liverworts, hornworts, mosses, (VASCULAR TISSUE)club mosses, horsetails, ferns, whisk ferns, SEEDS(gymnosperms and Angiosperms) |
| Non-vascular plants | mosses, hornworts and liverworts commonly known as bryophytes. 1) lack vascular tissue 2) no true roots or leaves 3) gametophyte generation is the most prominent part of their life cycle 4) sperm swim to egg |
| What do non-vascular plants rely on for absorption and transportation of water? | the physical process of diffusion and osmosis to move dissolved materials through their bodies |
| Do the non-vascular plants need water to reproduce? | yes they must have water to reproduce because sperm swim to the egg. They need to live in moist environments and minimally adapt to terrestrial environments |
| Types of non-vascular plants | most common are mosses, liverworts, hornworts |
| mosses | grow as a carpet of many individual gametophyte plants, composed fo a central stalk less than 5 centimeters tall with short leaflike structures that are sites of photosynthesis. found where there is adequate moisture, over 15,000 species |
| liverworts | flat sheets only a few layers of cells thick, resemble the moist surface of a liver. 8,000 species of liverworts. (pic page 483) |
| hornworts | long slender sporophyte which protrudes from the flat gametophyte plants, unusual because they have one large long chloroplast in each cell. 100 species of hornworts (pic pg 483) |
| life cycle of a moss (see figure 22.4 page 482) | haploid gametophyte generation produces eggs. sperm swim to egg-fertilize. Zygote- diploid and 1st stage of sporophyte generation. grows and protrudes from top of gametophyte, meiosis takes place in the capsule producing haploid spores, spores released |
| Significance of Vascular tissue | was a major step in the evolution of plants. ferns, pines, flowering plants and others have tube-like cell that allow plants to transport water and nutrients. Also caused the development of roots, leaves and stems |
| Roots | underground structures that anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals. place where food is stored |
| Leaves | structures specialized for carrying out the process of photosynthesis |
| Stems | structures that connect the roots with the leaves and position the leaves so they receive sunlight. stems can store food |
| Xylem | transports water. Flow is roots to leaves. consists of dead, hollow cells arranged end to end to form a tube. The walls are strengthened with cellulose and lignin. There are two kinds of xylem cells |
| vessel elements | one of the types of xylem, dead hollow cells up to .7 mm in diameter, one of the endwalls are missing. they are like pieces of pipe hooked together |
| tracheids | one of the types of xylem, smaller in diameter than vessel elements, have overlapping tapered ends. holes in the walls allow water and minerals to move from one tracheid to the next |
| Phloem | carries the organic molecules (mostly sugars and amino acids) produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant where growth and storage take place. two kinds of cells; sieve tube and companion cells |
| How does growth occur at the tips of roots and stems? | in the production of reproductive structures (cones, flowers, fruits) |
| sieve tube | one of the types of phloem cells, lacks a nucleus and most organelles but has a modified granular cytoplasm with strands that extend to the ends of the cell. there are holes in the endwalls that allow the flow of water and dissolved nutrients |
| companion cells | one of the types of phloem cells, direct connections to the sieve tube elements and assist in the movement of sugar and amino acids by active transport from cells in the leaves into the sieve tube elements |
| What do plants need to be well adapted to a dry environment? | a waterproof layer on their surface and vascular tissue. reduces the amount of water they lose and helps replace |
| What allows for an increase in plant size? | vascular tissue allows an increase because water and nutrients can be transported efficiently |
| What do nearly all vascular plants have? | they also have roots, stems and leaves |
| How do roots grow? | from their tips, they grow constantly exploring new areas for nutrients and water. as plant grows it needs more root surface |
| root hairs | small fuzzy hairlike cell extensions which provide a large surface area for absorption of water and nutrients |
| What are roots used for? | storage of food in the growing season and used to stay alive in the winter |
| How do stems vary alot? | can be a short one like a dandelion or a huge one like on a tree |
| What are the parts of a stem? (see figure 22.10 page 486) | bark (which contains the phloem), inside is xylem tissue |
| How can you tell how old a tree is? | by counting the layers of xylem tissue. Each layer equals one year. |
| What stems store food? | yams, sugar cane, and potatoes |
| What stems can photosynthesize? | green cactus and other herbaceous plants |
| What kind of layer do stems have? | they have a waterproof layer on the outside. if it is a woody plant, then there is a touch, outer waterproof bark |
| Where is the major site of photosynthesis? | leaves |
| What is a drawback to leaves being flat and thin ? what is done to combat the problem? | increase in water loss due to evaporation. to slow water loss the epidermal layer has a waxy waterproof coat |
| What is transpiration? | the process in which when water evaporates from the leaf it creates a negative pressure, which tends to pull addiitional water and dissolved minerals through the xylem into the leaf |
| How is the amount of water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen moving into and out of the leaves of most plants regulated? | By many tiny openings in the epidermis called stomates |
| stomates | little openings in the leaves that open and close to allow for water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through the leaves, located in the epidermis waxy layer of the leaf |
| What are examples of Seedless Vascular Plants? | ferns, horsetails, club mosses and whisk ferns |
| What are the characteristics of the Seedless Vascular Plants | 1) have vascular tissue 2) most have roots, stems and leaves 3) sporophyte generation most prominent part of life cycle 4) the sperm swims to the egg 5) no seeds |
| Are they limited to wet areas? | no (unlike mosses and other nonvascular plants) they can absorb water through roots and distribute to other plants. REPRODUCTION is limited though because sperm must swim to the egg |
| What is the important part of the fern life cycle? | the diploid sporophyte generation |
| fronds | the leaves of most ferns, complex branched structures |
| sori | the underside of the leaves where the spore-producing parts are found in a fern |
| What specialized structures of some species of ferns have for reproduction? | spores that are distributed by wind or water and fall to the ground giving rise to haploid, heart shaped gametophytes which has archegonia and antheridia. the sperm swims to the archegonium and fertilizes the egg. |
| What happens after fertilization of the egg in a fern? | the diploid zygote derives nourishment from the gametophyte and begins to grow. eventually a new sporophyte grows from the gametophyte to begin the lifecycle again |
| haploid | having a single set of chromosomes, resulting from reduction division of meiosis |
| gametes | haploid sex cells |
| gametophyte | a haploid plant that produces gametes. it alternates with the sporophyte throughout the life cycle |
| gametophyte generation | life cycle plants haploid sex cells are produced by mitosis |
| sporophyte | a life cycle stage in plants in which a haploid is produced by meiosis |
| What does the sporophyte of a fern consist of? | underground stem (rhizome) and roots and above ground leaves known as fronds |
| What happens in the life cycle of the fern? (see figure 22.13 page 489) | sorus produces spores by meiosis, haploid spores develop into heart shaped gametophyte, gametophyte has archegonia (eggs) and antheridia (sperm), sperm swims to egg, fertilized egg (zygote) is diploid and grows into new sporophyte plant |
| What are the most common seedless vascular plants? | ferns- 12,000 species, part of the Carboniferous period 360-286 million years ago. |
| Whisk ferns | odd plants that lack roots and leaves, related to ferns, anchored in soil by an underground stem that absorbs water and soil nutrients, has structures like leaves, but aren't because they have no vascular tissue, warm moist environments, 15 species |
| Horsetail | low-growing plants with jointed stems, leaves are tiny and circle the stem at the joints, photosynthesis occurs mostly in the green stem, 15 species, silicon dioxide in cell walls so feel rough, pioneers used to clean pots, in carboniferous period |
| club mosses | usually evergreen, bright green, low growing branching plants, small leaves only a single bundle of vascular tissue, 1,000 species, also produce spores in end of stems, in carboniferous forests also |
| What are the most successful plants on earth today? | Seed producing Vascular Plants |
| seed | a specialized structure than contains an embryo, along with stored food enclosed in a protective covering called the seed coat; dispersal devices for plants |
| seed coat | allows the embryo to resist drying. An adaptation that allows plants to live in dry settings |
| What are the two major groups of plants that produce seeds? | Gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| pollen | the miniaturized male gametophyte generation. can be carried from one plant to another by wind or animals which makes the presence of water unbnecessary. another important innovation of seed producing plants. |
| Gymnosperms | conifers and their relatives, woody plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed, can be on cones- called naked seeds |
| What are the different kinds of plants in the Gymnosperm group? | cycads, ginkgos, and conifers (all are woody perennial plants) |
| cones | woody structures where seeds are produced in conifers in the Gymnosperm category |
| Herbaceous | plants that have few cell walls with thick cell walls and are generally small and easily damaged. Mosses, grasses and many garden plants are herbaceous. |
| Woody plants | have a great deal of tissue with thick cell walls, the xylem and associated cells are important in strengthening woody plants . There are ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms that are woody |
| Annual | plants that live one year. they germinate from seeds, grow, produce flowers and seeds, and die within one year. The seeds produced germinate the following year and the cycle continues. Most are flowering plants (angiosperms). |
| Perrennial plants | live many years. Most are mosses, ferns, horsetails, pines and most flowering plants. many are woody like various trees. |
| What do some Perennial plants do differently than live year round? | Others produce plants above ground parts that die back at the end of a growing season. The plant regrows above-ground parts from the roots each year. Examples are tulips, daffodils, rhubarb and ferns. |
| tree | a large, woody plant that usually has a single main stem with branches. There are tree ferns, most gymnosperms are trees, and many flowering plants are trees. |
| shrub | a perennial woody plant that generally has several main stems and is relatively short, |
| Herbs | small, herbaceous (non-woody plants). Also used to indicate a plants that have a specific food, flavoring or medicinal value. |
| What is the dominant generation of the pine life cycle? | the large, diploid sporophyte generation |
| What are the two kinds of cones that pines produce? | separate haploid male and female gametophytes (cones) |
| female gametophytes (cones) | the female cones are large and consist of several thousand cells and produce several archegonia, each of which contains an egg |
| male gametophytes (cones) | small cones located on the ends of branches. they produce pollen. Each of the small, dust like pollen grains is a male gametophyte plant that contains haploid nuclei. some nuclei funciton as sperm. |
| What two events must occur to obtain a fertilized egg? | pollination and fertilization |
| pollination | the process of getting the pollen from the male cone to the female cone. |
| How are conifers pollinated? | by the wind. pollen is released in such large quantities in the air that when wind shakes the branches |
| What happens when the male gets close to the female? | the male begins to grow a tubelike structure the pollen tube. The pollen tube enters the archegonium of the female and releases a sperm nucleus which fertilizes the egg. |
| fertilization | when the sperm nucleus from the pollen unites with the egg cell in the archegonium. |
| How far apart can pollination and fertilization occur? | it may occur months or even years following pollination. |
| What is the fertilized egg called? | zygote |
| What does the fertilized egg (zygote) develop into? | the diploid fertilized egg develops into an embryo within a seed. |
| What do birds and mammals use the seeds of pines and trees for? | they use it for food |
| how are seeds released from most pines? | they are released from the cone when the scales of the cone fold back |
| What happens to the winged pine seeds? | they are carried by wind and fall to the ground. They germinate and give rise to a new sporophyte plant and the cycle continues. |
| What two innovations reduce the plant's dependence on water. | the seed and seed coat, the production of pollen and polliantion |
| Cycads | a kind of woody gymnosperm, have a ring of fernlike leaves at the top and are stout. lots of them in the Jurassic period. seeds are produced in tough, woody , cone-like structures. There are 300 species. Half are in danger of extinction. |
| Ginko | only one species now (ginkgo biloba) has fan shaped leaves, humans eat the seeds, leaves are used in herbal medecines. (taxol breast cancer) (improve memory) used to be common in the Jurassic period |
| Conifers | common trees and shrubs that bear seeds in cones. Most have needle shaped leaves. keep their leaves throughout the year so called Evergreens. over 600 species, half considered threatened. Important in the production of lumber. |
| What conifers lose their leaves once in the fall? | Larix (tamarack) and Taxodium (bald cypress) |
| Angiosperms | plants that produce flowers and have their seeds enclosed in a fruit |
| fruit | a modification of the ovary wall into a special structure that contains the seeds. |
| Are angiosperms adapted to terrestrial life? | yes, because of vascular tissue, seeds and pollen they are able to thrive on land and don't have to be in water like their predecessors |
| flower | structure composed of highly modified leaves that is responsible for sexual reproduction |
| pistil | at the center of a flower, composed of the stimga, style and ovary |
| What does the ovary of a flower produce? | the female gametophyte of the plant |
| stamens | surround the pistil of a plant, consist of a long filament with anthers at the top. |
| anther | produces the pollen (male gametophyte plant) located at the top of the filament of the stamen of a flowering plant |
| petals | whorl of modified leaves surrounding the stamens and pistil of flowering plant |
| sepals | another whorl of modified leaves outside the peta.s |
| How do flowers differ? | some are large and showy, like roses and magnolias and others are small like grasses and birch trees. Some plants have two kinds of flowers. |
| In the plants that have two kinds of flowers how do they differ? | one plant has a pistil and the other has the stamens. |
| perfect flower | a plant that has both pistil and stamens |
| imperfect flower | one that contains just pistil or just stamen (not both) |
| what generations does the life cycle of a flowering plant have? | both sporophyte and gametophyte generations, but sporophyte is dominant. male and fewmal gametophytes are produced within the flower |
| where is the male gametophyte | the pollen |
| where is the female gametophyte? | within the ovary of the pistil |
| How many cells does the female gametophyte contain? | 8 cells and one of them is the egg |
| When does pollination occur? | when pollen is transferred from an anther to the stigma of the pistil |
| cross-pollination | when pollination must be between flowers of different plants of the same species |
| self-pollination | when the plant is able to pollinate itself |
| What does the Pollen grain produce when it germinates and what does it do? | it produces a pollent tube, which grows down through the tissue fo the style to the ovary where the female gametophyte is located. The pollen tube releases two sperm. one fertilizes the egg nucleus and gives rise to the zygote. |
| What does the other sperm do? | the other sperm nucleus combines with two other nuclei in the female gametophyte and produces a triploid nucleus which develops into endosperm. |
| endosperm | stored food of the seed |
| double fertilization | because two sperm nuclei are involved each fertilizing different cells during flowering plant fertilization |
| What happens to the embryo and the endosperm? | they both grow and a seed coat develops around them to produce the mature seed. The wall of the ovary develops into a specialized seed containing structure known as a fruit |
| How do plants pollinate? | use wind (grasses, sedges and some other herbaceous plants, trees like aspens birches and oaks.) |
| What is responsible for hay fever? | pollen from wind-pollinated plants causes the allergic reaction. usually in the spring it is reactions to trees. Grasses and other plants produce pollen in late summer or fall. (Ragweed) |
| How are plants with large showy flowers usually pollinated? | by animals like birds or small mammals, they feed on the nectar, get dusted with pollen and carry it to another flower. |
| how do plants attract the animals? | odors |
| What kind of relationship is it between a flowering plant and a mammal that spreads the pollen? | mutualistic because the animal receives food (nectar) and the plant is pollinated |
| Life cycle of an Angiosperm (flowering plant) | flowers prodcue eggs in the ovary and pollen in the anther. pllen is carried to the pistil, pollen tube releases haploid nuclei, fertilizing the egg which develops to embryo, other cells develop to endosperm (food storage) seed coat develops over both |
| what happens to the ovary next? (part 2 of life cycle of an angiosperm flowering plant) | ovary enlarges and becomes fruit, which contains the seeds. the seed germinates to produce the next generation of flowering plant |
| fruit | most are involved in the dispersal of plants (plants can't walk) (either by animals eating the fruit, in the wind, sticky material sticks to coat of animal, or winged dispersal) |
| What are the fruits like apples, watermelon, tomatoes and rasberries nutritious material for? | It is not for the plant's use, but to attract animals that eat the seeds with the fruit. seed goes through digestive tract and disperses plant's offspring |
| What do other fruits like cottonwoods, milkweeds and dandelions do to disperse seed? | they release fluffy seeds into the wind. |
| What do trees like maples and ashes do to disperse seed? | they have seeds with wings so they aid in dispersal by wind |
| What is the most diverse group of plants? | angiosperm are the most diverse with about 260,000 apwxiwa |
| What are the two groups of angiosperms divided into? | monocots and dicots |
| what do the terms monocots and dicots refer to? | structures in the seeds of angiosperms called cotyledons |
| cotyledon | also known as seed leaves, are embryonic leaves that have food stored in them. First leaves that emerge when a seed germinates |
| monocot | has one cotyledon (examples: grasses, lilies, palms, and orchids) Some are woody species like yuccas and palms but most are herbaceous |
| dicot | has two cotelydons (examples: peanut, lima beans and apples) |
| What are common herbaceous dicots? | mints, carrots, cabbages, mustards, tomatoes, potatoes and peppers also trees like aspens and sagebrush |
| deciduous trees | lose their leaves during the fall |
| nondeciduous trees | keep their leaves and stay green through winter |
| What categories are woody plants? What do they have in common? | all gymnosperm and a large proportion of the dicots, both can grow continuously for years and they increase in diameter by adding new xylem and phloem to the outside of the stem |
| vascular cambium | a layer of cells in the stem which is responsible for the increase in diameter. it is between the xylem and the phloem, go through mitotic cell division and two cells form, one stays cambium the other forms vascular tissue |
| When the two cells in vascular cambium divide and one stays cambium and the other becomes vascular tissue- which type of vascular tissue? | if it is on the inside of the cambium ring it becomes xylem, if on the outside it becomes phloem. This happens over and over and tree gets bigger in diamter |
| wood | the accumulation in the trunk of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms, one of the most valuable resources of the world, get paper, lumber, turpentine from wood, used as primary fuel in some places |
| tropism | a growth movement toward or away from a stimulus |
| phototropism | plant orients itself towards light in order to survive |
| auxin | hormone that allows phototropism, made in the tip of the stem, stimulates cells to divide, grow and elongate. if plant gets more light on one side the shaded side produces more auxin to cause more growth and stem bends to the light |
| thigmotropism | when climbing vines wrap tendrils around objects, wrap around to anchor the vine (sweet peas, grapevines and ivy) |
| do plants respond to gravity? gravitropism? to water? hydrotropism? | gravity stems grow up, roots grow down towards water |
| What do all plants have in common? | anchored to a substrate, hard, woody tissues which allow them to stand upright, green - presence of pigment chlorphyll |
| botany | study of plant biology |
| epidermis | several layers thick, protects plant from desication and pathogens |
| cutin | fatty substance forms cuticle |
| what is the waxy substance good for commercial use? | LPs, furniture and car polishes, confectionary (candy) |
| What do non woody plants rely on in order to remain upright? | water pressure (turgor pressure) |
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O __----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What are strategies for water conservation by plants? | 1) waxy cuticle 2) stoma on underside of leaf 3) stoma open during cooler times 4)surface area of leaves < s. a. of roots 5) drop or wilt leaves under stress 6) thick layer of hairs (pubescence) reflect sunlight 7) thicker leaves reduce s.a., store water |
| what is good about ferns? | great household plant, tolerate low light, not susceptible to aphids, mites or scale, excellent air filters, can remove 1800 ug/hr formaldeyde pollutants) |
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murphy1717