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Criminology Chpt 4
Criminology Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The view that criminals are not robots who engage in random acts of antisocial behavior reflects __________ crime. | offender-specific |
| ________ violations involve encounters in which the grievant’s essential character has been challenged. | Status-based |
| Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as: | permeable neighborhoods |
| While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serial murders are considered rational killers because: | They pick their targets with care. |
| Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill is, for some, a seduction of crime and is referred to as: | edgework |
| The belief that crime can be reduced by modifying the physical environment to reduce opportunity is called: | defensible space. |
| Well lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman’s concept of_______that suggests that crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity. | defensible space |
| When urban planners consider the characteristics of sites that are at risk for crime, the factors that attract people to these sites, and what equips potential criminals to take advantage of the illegal opportunities offered, they are engaging in a practice known as: | situational crime prevention |
| Brightly displaying “no littering” signs is an example of eliminating: | excuses |
| Adding a security guard to reduce shoplifting in a department store is an example of a crime: | discourager |
| When efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevents another and when crime control efforts in one locale reduce crime in other, nontarget areas, this is called: | extinction. |
| Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime-reduction programs redirect offenders to alternative targets, the practice is termed: | crime displacement. |
| Officer Smith with the Charleston, SC, police department begins motorcycle patrols in an effort to reduce public intoxication offenses in the downtown area. The increased police presence reduces public intoxication offenses in downtown Charleston, but in neighboring communities, a spike in these offenses occurs. This is an example of: | displacement. |
| When an effort to prevent one crime has the unintended consequences of preventing other crimes, this is referred to as: | diffusion of benefits. |
| According to __________ , punishment has the potential to discourage all individuals in the population from committing crime. | general deterrence |
| According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning could be increased, crime rates should: | decline. |
| The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment). Of these components, deterrence theorists tend to believe that the which component of punishment seems to have the strongest impact. | certainity |
| According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime? | The criminal perceives that crime is too risky. |
| ________ argues that punishing an offender will prevent that offender from committing the same crime again. | Specific deterrence |
| Criminologists argue that “three strikes” policies will not work because: | Current sentences for violent crimes are already too severe. |
| The view that proposes placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years in order to lessen their opportunity to commit crime is known as: | incapacitation effect. |
| Evaluations of incarceration strategies reveal that their impact may be less than expected. Why might incarceration not work? | Because prison exposes young, impressionable offenders to higher-risk, more experienced inmates who can influence their lifestyle and shape their attitudes. |
| The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is known as: | just deserts. |
Created by:
walkerl