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Geology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Growth that occurs as a constant percentage of the existing amount | Exponential Growth |
| A concept that states that present processes operated in the past at similar rates | Uniformitarianism |
| Why is human population growth often considered the biggest global environmental problem? | Increasing population strains resources and creates additional waste |
| How are the impacts of natural hazards linked to population growth? | Population growth concentrates people and resources, such that the impacts of an individual natural hazard can be greater |
| A hypothesis that has withstood extensive testing | Theory |
| Development that ensures that future generations will have equal access to the resources that our planet offers | Sustainability |
| The average tine required for the total stock of a material to be cycled through a system | Average Residence Time |
| A set of hypotheses that likens the Earth to a super organism with interrelated, mutually adjusting systems | Gaia Hypothesis |
| What caused the Aral Sea to shrink and degrade dramatically over the past 40 years? | Water diversions in streams feeding the sea |
| What society was destroyed by environmental degradation? | Easter Island |
| Principle proposed by James Hutton that said "the present is the key to the past" | Uniformitarianism |
| A ? aquifer is largely isolated from the Earth's surface above it by aquatards/aqualudes | Unconfined |
| The ability of an earth material to transmit water | Hydraulic Conductivity |
| A ? stream gains water from an aquifer | Effluent |
| What are the primary consumptive users of fresh water? | Irrigation and thermoelectric generators |
| The global ? involves the transfer of water between earth's water reservoirs | Hydrologic Cycle |
| Drainage basins are separated by ? | The drainage divide |
| ? naturally contribute to improved water quality and assist in flood control | Wetlands |
| What separates confined and unconfined aquifers? | True |
| What is the dominant trend in water use in the U.S.? | Water use peaked in 1980 |
| True or False: concerns over water resources focus on the lack of abundance of water on Earth? | False |
| A flowing artesian well is one that | has water that does not require pumping |
| Surface water and groundwater are an example of a | interconnected system |
| Groundwater mining is accomplished by | Pumping that exceeds recharge |
| Vegetation decreases runoff by... | intercepting rainfall and slowing it fall to the ground |
| What is very likely to serve as an aquitard? | Clay |
| The Vadose Zone differs from the groundwater zone in what way? | The Vadose Zone is unsaturated, while the groundwater zone is saturated |
| What factor let to the drying up of streams and the intrusion of salty groundwater in the Long Island area? | Overpumping of ground water |
| If water is so abundant on Earth, why are water sources such a big concern? | Water resources are not where humans needs them and when they need them |
| Why is sediment yield an important consideration in the discussion of water supplies? | Sediment is a common water pollutant |
| What is the #1 cause of cultural eutrophication? | Elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen |
| What measures have largely eliminated waterborne diseases in the US? | Separation of sewage and drinking water |
| The level of decaying organic matter in water is indicated by what measure? | Nitrogen and Phosphorus |
| The biomagnification of mercury occurs as mercy moves through ? | the aquatic food chain |
| If sediment is from natural resources, why is it considered a water pollutant? | it is an out of place resource |
| What would be a point source of pollution? | Industrial wastewater discharge |
| What happened to the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland that made news in 1969? | It caught on fire |
| Saltwater intrusion results from ? | over pumping of groundwater |
| What is the principle cause of the septic system failure? | Poor soil drainage |
| Biochemical oxygen demand reflects the amount of ? in water bodies | Organic matter |
| True or false: waterborne disease has been completely emitted in the US | False |
| The source of ? is typically animal fecal waste? | E. coli |
| The oil tanker ? caused massive water pollution near Valdez, Alaska in 1989? | Exxon Valdez |
| Biomagnification is an especially important process in the concentration of ? to toxic levels | Mercury |
| ? sources of pollution are diffuse and intermittent and hard to identify | Non-point |
| A cone of ? is formed in saltwater as it intrudes fresh groundwater near a pumping well | Ascension |
| ? pollution is harmful to some organisms, but actually helps others survive | Thermal |
| True or false: Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are removed from municipal wastewater by treatment | False |
| True or false: Eutrophication can occur in the absence of human influences | True |
| What is the biggest difference between the inner core and outer core? | The inner core is solid, and the outer core is liquid |
| The Mohorovicic discontinuity represents ? | The boundary between the mantle and crust |
| How does the lithosphere differ from the asthenosphere? | The lithosphere is stronger |
| What is the fastest type of earthquake wave? | P-Wave |
| How do seismologists know the outer core is liquid? | S-waves are absorbed upon arrival in the outer core |
| Why was Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift not taken seriously by most geologists? | His explanation for movement of the continents was faulty |
| How did seafloor spreading revive Wegener's idea about continental drift? | Sea floor spreading provided a viable explanation for moving the continents |
| What happens at convergent plate boundaries? | The plate of higher density subducts unto the mantle |
| Transform plate boundaries are marked by | Two plates slide relative to one another |
| Hot spots are recorded by ? | A sequence of volcanic centers that get younger toward the hot spot |
| Tectonic plates move about as fast as | a fingernail grows |
| When did the supercontinent Pangea first start to break apart? | 180 million years ago |
| True or False: The rocks of the core are more dense then the rocks of the mantle? | True |
| True or False: the asthenosphere is stronger than the lithosphere | False |
| Convergence of plates can cause ? forces that build mountain ranges | Compressive |
| At the Curie Point, iron bearing minerals always orient themselves toward ? | The magnetic pole |
| The volcano called ? is the youngest of the Hawaiian volcanoes? | Loihi |
| Yellowstone park lies atop a | Continental hotspot |
| The Cascade mountain is part of a ? convergent boundary | Ocean-Continent |
| What is water's vertical movement? | Evaporation and Precipitation |
| Groundwater is the primary drinking source for ?% of the population | 50% |
| The state or quality of a membrane that allows liquid to pass through | Permeability |
| Quality of having little holes and allowing water to move through | Porosity |
Created by:
mmwalte1