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Chapter Five

Psychology

TermDefinition
Memory retention of information or experience over time
Encoding process by which information gets into memory storage
Divided attention concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Sustained attention the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
Levels of processing refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
Elaboration refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.
Storage encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin theory states that memory storage involves three separate systems
Sensory memory holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant
Short-term memory is a limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks
Long-term memory A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time
Explicit memory conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.
Episodic memory retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings
semantic memory persons knowledge about the world
Implicit memory memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience
Procedural memory type of implicit memory process that involves memory for skills
Priming the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
Schema preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information
Script schema for an event
Connection the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.
Retrieval takes place when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Serial position effect the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
Autobiographical memory A special form of episodic memory, is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.
Flashbulb memory the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
Motivated forgetting which occurs when individuals forget something because it is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering is intolerable.
interference theory people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.
Proactive interference Occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.
Retroactive interference Occurs when material learned later disrupts the retrieval of information learned earlier.
Decay theory when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory.
Retrospective memory remembering the past
Prospective memory involves remembering information about doing something in the future.
Amnesia the loss of memory.
Anterograde amnesia memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
Retrograde amnesia involves memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.
Created by: kalebbake
 

 



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