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Dr Lin chapter 1-8

Question	Answer
Psychology involves studying the mind at one specific level of explanation	False
Science is a body of knowledge consisting of all of the findings that scientists have discovered.	False
Scientific theories are general explanations, and hypotheses are specific predictions derived from these explanations.	True
Good scientists are confident they're right, so they don't need to protect themselves against confirmation bias.	False
Metaphysical claims are not testable.	True
Most self-help books and psychotherapies have been tested.	False
Humans' tendency to see patterns in random data is entirely maladaptive.	False
According to terror management theory, our fears of death are an important reason for pseudoscientific beliefs.	True
The fact that many people believe in a claim is a good indicator of its validity.	False
Pseudoscientific treatments can cause both direct and indirect harm.	True
Scientific skepticism requires a willingness to keep an open mind to all claims.	True
When evaluating a psychological claim, we should consider other plausible explanations for it.	True
The fact that two things are related doesn't mean that one directly influences the other.	True
Falsifiability means that a theory must be false to be meaningful.	False
When psychological findings are replicated, it's especially important that the replications be conducted by the same team of investigators.	False
Behaviorism focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning in animals, but not humans.	False
Cognitive psychologists argue that we need to understand how organisms interpret rewards and punishments.	True
Advocates of determinism believe that free will is an illusion.	True
Studying color determination in the lab is basic research, whereas testing which color fire trucks are painted results in the fewest traffic accidents is applied research.	True
Achievement tests such as the SAT do no better that chance at predicting how students will perform in college.	False
Psychological research suggests that we're all capable of being fooled.	True
Analytic thinking tends to be rapid and intuitive.	False
The psychological processes that give rise to heuristic are generally maladaptive.	False
Research methods help us to get around some of the problems produced by uncritical use of intuitive thinking.	True
Case studies can sometimes provide existence proofs of psychological phenomena.	True
Rating data can be biased because some respondents allow their ratings of one positive characteristic to spill over to other positive characteristics.	True
A correlation of -0.8 is just as large in magnitude as a correlation of +0.8.	True
Experiments are characterized by two, and only two, features.	True
To control for experimenter expectancy effects, only participants need to be blind to who's in the experimental and control groups.	False
The Tuskegee study violated the principles of informed consent.	True
Milgram's study would be considered unethical today because the shock could have caused injury or death.	False
In debriefing, the researcher informs participants of what will happen in the procedure before asking them to participate.	False
Before conducting invasive research on animals, investigators must weigh carefully the potential scientific benefits of this research against the costs of animals death and suffering.	True
The mean is not always the best measure of central tendency.	True
The mode and standard deviation are both measures of variability.	False
All statistically significant findings are important and large in size.	False
Researchers can easily manipulate statistics to make it appear that their hypotheses are confirmed even when they're not.	True
Few psychological journals use a peer-review process.	False
When evaluating the quality of a study, we must be on the lookout for potential confounds, expectancy effects, and nonrandom assignments to experimental and control groups.	True
Most newspaper reporters who write stories about psychology have advanced degrees in psychology.	False
"Balanced" coverage of a psychology story is sometimes inaccurate.	True
Dendrites are the sending petitions of neurons.	False
Positive particles flowing into the neuron inhibit its action.	False
Neurotransmitters send messages between neurons.	True
Some antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse.	True
Neurogenesis is equivalent to pruning.	False
The cortex is divided into the frontal, parietal, temporal, and hippocampal lobes.	False
The basal ganglia control sensation.	False
The amygdala plays a key role in fear.	True
The cerebellum regulates only our sense of balance.	False
There are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.	True
Hormones are more rapid in their actions than neurotransmitters.	False
Adrenaline sometimes allows people to perform amazing physical feats.	True
Cortisol tends to increase in response to stressors.	True
Most women have no testosterone.	False
PET scans detect changes in cerebral blood flow that tend to accompany neural activity.	False
Most people use only about 10 percent of their brain.	False
Psychological functions are strictly localized to specific areas of the cerebral cortex.	False
Split-brain subjects are impaired at integrating information from both visual fields.	True
Brain evolution is responsible of humans' advanced abilities.	True
The fact that the human brain is smaller than an elephant's shows that brain size is unrelated to intelligence.	False
Heritability values can't change over time within a population.	False
Identical twins have similar phenotypes (observable traits) but may have different genotypes (sets of genes).	False
Adoption studies are useful for distinguishing nature influences from nurture influences.	True
Perception is an exact translation of our sensory experiences into neural activity.	False
In signal detection theory, False positives and false negitives help us measure how much someone is paying attention.	False
Cross-modal activation produces different perceptual experiences than either modality provides by itself.	True
The rubber hand illusion shows how our senses of smell and touch interact to create a false perceptual experience.	False
Selective attention allows us to pay attention to important stimuli and ignore others.	True
The visible spectrum of light differs across species and can differ across individuals.	True
The lens of the eye changes shape depending on the perceived distance of objects.	True
Red-green color blindness results when rods are missing but cones are intact.	False
Only nonhuman animals, like bats, engage in echolocation.	False
People with visual agnosia have problems naming objects.	True
The amplitude of the sound wave corresponds to loudness.	True
Sound waves are converted to neural impulses by creating vibrations of fluid inside the cochlea.	True
Place theory states that each hair cell in the inner ear has a particular pitch or frequency to which it's most responsive.	True
Volley theory is a variation of frequency theory.	True
As we age, we tend to lose hearing for low-pitched sounds more than high-pitched sounds.	False
The most critical function of our chemical senses is to sample our food before we shallow it.	True
Humans can detect only a small number of odors but thousands of tastes.	False
There's a good evidence for a "tongue taste map," with specific taste receptors located on specific parts of the tongue.	False
The limbo system plays a key role in smell and taste perception.	True
The vomeronasal organ helps to detect pheromones in many mammals but doesn't develop in humans.	True
Pain information travels more quickly to the spinal cord than does touch information.	False
Pain threshold vary depending on the person and type of pain (stabbing, burning, or aching, for example).	True
Fire walking requires both insensitivity to pain and extremely high levels of motivation.	False
Proprioception enables us to coordinate our movements without having to look at our bodies.	True
The inner ear plays a key role in our ability to keep our balance.	True
In top-down processing, we construct a whole stimulus from its parts.	False
We perceive depth only when we have two slightly different views from our eyes.	False
The Earth's atmosphere enlarges the appearance of the moon, creating the moon illusion.	False
Reversed subliminal messages can lead to violent actions.	False
Belief in ESP can be partly explained by our tendency to underestimate the probability of coincidences.	True
The average adult needs about six hours of sleep a night.	False
People move slowly through the first four stages of sleep but then spend the rest of the night of REM sleep.	False
When we dream, our brains are much less active than when awake.	False
Sleep apnea is more common in thin than in overweight people.	False
Night terrors usually last only a few minutes and are typically harmless.	True
Dreams often reflect unfulfilled wishes, as Freud suggested.	False
Activation-synthesis theory proposes that dream result from incomplete neural signals generated by the pons.	True
REM sleep is triggered by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	True
Damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams.	True
Recurrent dreams are extremely rare.	False
College students rarely, if ever, report that they hallucinate.	False
OBEs are related to the ability to fantasize.	True
Many of the experiences associated with a NDE can be created in circumstances that have nothing to do with being "near death."	True
Deja vu experiences often last for as long as an hour.	False
A hypnosis induction greatly increases suggestibility beyond waking suggestibility.	False
The effects of many drugs depend on the expectations of the user.	True
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant.	True
Tobacco is the most potent natural stimulant drug.	False
A causal link between marijuana and poor school performance has been well established.	False
Drug flashbacks are common among people who use LSD.	False
Habituation to meaningless stimuli is generally adaptive.	True
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) initially yields a reflexive, automatic response.	False
Conditioning is generally most effective when the CS precedes the UCS by a short period of time.	True
Extinction is produced by the gradual "decay" of the CR over time.	False
Once a CS is established, it's almost impossible to extend to it to novel stimuli.	False
In classical conditioning, responses are emitted; in operant conditioning, they're elicited.	False
Negative reinforcement and punishment are superficially different, but they produce the same short-term effects on behavior	False
The correlation between spanking and children's behavioral problems appears to be positive in Caucasians but negative in African Americans.	True
The principle of partial reinforcement states that behaviors reinforced only some of the time extinguish more rapidly than behaviors reinforced continuously.	False
We can reinforce less frequent behaviors with more frequent behaviors.	True
According to Skinner, animals don't think or experience emotions.	False
Proponents of latent argue that reinforcement isn't necessary for learning.	True
Research on observational learning demonstrates that children can learn aggression by watching aggressive role models.	True
There's no good research evidence for insight learning.	False
Many conditioned taste aversions are acquired in only a single trial.	True
Most research suggests that the assumption of equipotentiality is false.	True
The phenomenon of preparedness helps explain why virtually all major phobias are equally common in the general population.	False
With progressively more reinforcement, animals typically drift further and further away from their instinctive patterns of behavior.	False
Sleep-assisted learning techniques only work if subjects stay completely asleep during learning.	False
The few positive results for accelerated learning in the SALTT program may be due to placebo effects.	True
Discovery learning tends to be more efficient than direct instruction for solving most scientific problems.	False
There's little evidence that matching teaching methods to people's learning styles enhances learning.	True
Most of us can accurately recognize thousands of faces we've seen only a few days earlier.	True
Memory is more reconstructive than reproductive.	True
The major reason for forgetting information from short-term memory appears to be the decay of memories.	False
Chunking can permit us to greatly increase the number of digits or letters we hold in our short-term memories.	True
Information in long-term monkey often lasts for years or decades.	True
We encode virtually all of our life experiences, even though we can't retrieve more than a tiny proportion of them.	False
We need to practice mnemonics to use them successfully.	True
Schemes only distort memories, but don't enhance them.	False
In general, recall is more difficult than recognition.	True
Cramming for exams, although stressful, is actually a good strategy for enhancing long-term recall of materials.	False
Long-term potentiation appears to play a key role in learning.	True
The hippocampus is the site of the engram.	False
Memory recovery from amnesia is usually quite sudden.	False
Explicit and implicit memory are controlled by the same brain structures.	False
Alzheimer's disease is only one cause of dementia.	True
Most young children underestimate their memory abilities.	False
Children as young as two months have implicit memories of their experiences.	True
Most adults can accurately recall events that took place before they were 3 years old.	False
One explanation for infantile amnesia is that the hippocampus is only partially developed in infancy.	True
Flashbulb memories almost never change over time.	False
People sometimes find it difficult to tell the difference between a true and a false memory.	True
It's almost impossible to create false memories of complex events, like witnessing a demonic possession.	False
One powerful way of creating false memories is to show people fake photographs of events that didn't happen.	True
Repeatedly asking children if they were abused leads to more accurate answers than asking only once.	False
Fast and frugal processing almost leads to false conclusions.	False
Concepts are a form of cognitive economy because they don't rely on any specific knowledge or experience.	False
Assuming that someone must play basketball because he or she is extremely tall is an example of the availability heuristic.	True
Humans are typically biased to consider base rates when calculating like likelihood that something is true.	False
Top-down processing involves drawing inferences from previous experiences and applying them to current situations.	True
Decision making is always an implicit process subtly influenced by how we frame the problem.	False
Performing careful analysis of pros and cons is typically most useful when making decisions about emotional preferences.	False
Neuroeconomics has the potential to use the brain imagining to identify personality differences and psychiatric disorders.	True
Comparing problems that require similar reasoning processes but different surface characteristics can help us overcome deceptive surface simulaties.	True
Functional fixedness is a product of Western technology-dependent society.	False
Nonstandard dialects of English follow syntactic rules that differ from but are just as valid as the rules in standard American English.	True
Children's two-word utterances typically violate syntactic rules.	False
Children who are deaf learn to sign at an older age than hearing children who are learning to talk.	False
Bilingual individuals usually have one dominant language, which they learned earlier in development.	True
Few nonhuman animal communication systems involve exchanges of information beyond the here and now.	True
We can't determine whether the fine distinctions inuits make among different kinds of snow are a cause or a consequence of the many terms for snow in their language.	True
People who speak languages that lack terms for distinguishing colors cant tell these colors apart.	False
The Stroop color-naming task demonstrates that reading is automatic.	True
Phonetic decomposition is a straightforward linking of printed letters to phonemes.	False
Whole word recognition is the most efficient reading strategy for fluent readers and the best way to teach children to read.	False

Created by: Ginareiter

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