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Bio ch. 29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a plant? | photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls of cellulose. Contain chloroplasts and chlorophylls. Multicellular, eukaryotic |
| Kingdom Plantae = ______ | Embryophytes |
| What are some shared derived traits between plants and charophytes? | rings of cellulose‐synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm morphology, details of cell division. |
| sporopollenin | Walled spores produced in sporangia. A layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. |
| Spores | reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell. |
| Embryophytes | Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos. |
| sporangia | A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop. |
| sporocytes | A cell that undergoes meiosis and produces haploid spores. |
| gametangia | Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. |
| archegonia | female gametangia. Pear-shaped organ the produces an egg. |
| antheridia | male gametangia. Produce sperm and release them into the environment. |
| apical meristems | localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. |
| What are some major events in plant evolution? | 1) multicellularity 2) invasion of land 3) origin of vascular tissue 4) appearance of seed plants 5) evolution of flowers |
| The earliest land plants lacked _____. | vascular tissue |
| _____ percent of living plant species are angiosperms. | 90% |
| What is a seed? | an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat. |
| cuticle | the covering in may plants species that consists of wax and other polymers. Help prevent water loss and protects from microbial attacks. |
| stomata | minimize water loss. |
| Bryophytes | non-vascular plants. (liverworts, mosses, and hornworts). Small and limited to moist environments. |
| Vascular tissue | cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
| What are the three phyla of bryophytes? | 1) Hepatophyta (liverworts) 2) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 3) Bryophyta (mosses) |
| In bryophyte phyla the haploid gametophytes are the _______ stage of the life cycle. | dominant |
| protonema | produce "buds" that undergo mitosis. |
| gametophore | gamete-producing structure. |
| ___________ + _____________= gametophyte | protonemata, gametophore |
| antheridia | The male sex organ for algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants. Produce many flagellated sperm. |
| archegonia | The female sex organ for nonflowering plants. Fertilization occurs here and produces a zygote (2n) (produces one egg) |
| seta | stalk. Emerges from archegonium. |
| foot | Is embedded by the archegonium and absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte. |
| In the bryophyte life cycle, the zygote becomes a __________. | sporophyte embryo |
| capsule | The sporangium of a bryophyte. |
| Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue: | 1) xylem 2) phloem |
| xylem | transports water and minerals |
| phloem | transport organic molecules such as sugars and amino acids |
| lignin | polymer reinforcement that allows plants to grow taller. |
| roots | organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. They anchor the plant and allow the plant to get taller. |
| leaves | increase surface area for photosynthesis. |
| Leaves can be classified as either _______ and ________. | microphylls, megapylls |
| microphylls | small, pine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue. |
| megaphylls | leaves with a highly branched vascular system. Larger than microphylls. |
| lycophytes | any seedless vascular plant. Characterized by microphylls. |
| What are the five evolutionary innovations of vascular plants? | 1) vascular tissue 2) roots 3) leaves 4) sporophylls 5) sporophytes |
| sporophylls | modified leaves bearing sporangia. Many sporangia per plant. |
| sporophytes | dominate life cycles, with the reduction of gametophytes |
| Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? | the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes |
| In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____. | a sporophyte |
| The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. | produces spores |
| Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. | lack true leaves and roots |
| In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. | sporophyte |
| What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? | lignified vascular tissue |
| During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. | ferns and other seedless plants |
Created by:
evie_mcintyre