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Bio ch. 28
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| protists | An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial and multicellular. |
| photoautotrophs | use light to fix inorganic CO2. Contain chloroplasts. |
| chemoheterotrophs | get carbon and energy from organic compounds |
| mixotrophs | capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition (photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs) |
| Eukaryotes arose through endosymbiosis: | relationship between two species in which one lives inside the other |
| endosymbiosis | A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells. |
| What are the three points of evidence for endosymbiosis? | – inner membranes of organelles homologous to prokaryotes – organelles retain portions of circular ancestral prokaryotic chromosome – organelles retain cellular machinery to transcribe and translate DNA to proteins |
| algae | A member of a diverse collection of photosynthetic protists that includes both unicellular and multicellular forms. |
| primary endosymbiosis | heterotrophic eukaryote acquired photosynthetic cyanobacterium that then evolved into plastids, which gave rise to two lineages (red and green algae) |
| What does heterotrophic mean? | an organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter. All animals, protozoans, fungi, and most bacteria are heterotrophic. |
| secondary endosymbiosis | green or red alga engulfed by heterotrophic eukaryote, becoming endosymbionts themselves and leading to new groups of algae |
| Nucleomorph | remnant of engulfed cell’s nucleus; retains cellular machinery to transcribe DNA. |
| What are the four main groups (lineages) of protists? | 1) Excavata 2) SAR 3) Archaeplastida 4) Unikonta |
| What does "SAR" stand for? | Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians. Form the monophyletic supergroup. |
| Excavata | have unique cytoskeletal features, and and some species have an "excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body. Reduced mitochondria, obligate or facultative anaerobes mostly parasitic. flagella with rod inside mostly free-living. |
| Diplomonads | Causes giardiasis |
| Parabasalids | A protist with modified mitochondria. |
| euglenozoans | A member of a diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites. |
| kinetoplastids | has a single, large mitochondrion that houses an organized mass of DNA. |
| euglenid | A protist, characterized by an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge. |
| Archaeplastida | monophyletic group that contains red and green algae and land plants, descended from an ancient protist ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium. |
| red algae | mostly multicellular; accessory photopigment makes them appear red. Marine. |
| green algae | plant-like chloroplasts. Paraphyletic group most closely related to land plants than they are to other green algae. |
| chlorophytes | unicellular, colonial, and multicellular |
| Charophyceans | closest relative of land plants |
| Unikonta | (slime molds and other amoebas). This clade, which supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts. |
| pseudopodia | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
| opisthokonts | unicellular and multicellular heterotrophic protists. fungi and animals |
| Amoebozoans | A protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia. |
| Alternations of Generations: | alternation of multicellular haploid (n) and diploid (2n) forms |
| Stramenopiles | This clade arose by endosymbiosis and includes diatoms and brown algae. |
| _____ of Earth's primary production by photosynthetic protists. | 25% |
| dinoflagellates | A member of a group of mostly uni-cellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell. |
| What is horizontal gene transfer? | the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms rather than vertical transmission (the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring). |
| Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? | 1)The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic. 2)Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. |
| Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA? | diplomonads and parabasalids |
| Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with _____. | algae |
| Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. | cyanobacterium |
| _____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. | Phytoplankton |
| What are the three groups of Stramenopiles? | diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae |
| diatoms | unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix. |
| golden algae | A biflagellated, photosynthetic protist named for its color, which results from its yellow and brown carotenoids. |
| brown algae | a multicellular, photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids. Most are marine, and some have a plantlike body. |
| holdfast | A rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed. |
| alternation of generations | the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms. |
| sporophyte | diploid individual that produces spores. |
| Zoospores | The haploid spores that move by means of flagella. Zoospores develop into haploid, multicellular male and female gametophytes. |
| gametophytes | produce gametes |
| heteromorphic | referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology. |
| isomorphic | referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number. |
| Alveolates | This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis. Alveolate protists have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) located just under the plasma membrane. |
| What are the three clades of alveolates? | 1) dinoflagellates 2) a group of parasites (apicomplexans) 3) ciliates |
| carotenoids | the most common pigments in dinoflagellate plastids. |
| apicomplexans | parasites of animals |
| ciliates | a large and varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed. Presence of two nuclei: tiny micronuclei and large macronuclei. Reproduce asexually by binary fission |
| conjugation | a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce. |
| Rhizarians | Many species in this clade are amoebas: protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia. |
| producers | organisms that use energy from light (or inorganic compounds) to convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds. |
Created by:
evie_mcintyre