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Penn Foster
Anatomy and Physiology 1 Assignment 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adipose | Fat |
| Anatomy | The study of the form and structure of an animal body and its parts |
| Anterior | A directional term meaning toward the front in humans only |
| Barrel | Trunk of the body—formed by the rib cage and the abdomen |
| Bilaterally Symmetry | The concept that the left and right halves of an animal's body are mirror images of each other Paired structures are on body sides whereas single structures are near median plane |
| Brisket | Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum |
| Cannon | Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals |
| Cardiac Muscle | Striated, involuntary muscle that is found exclusively in the heart influenced by the automatic nervous system Has one centrally located nucleus Intercalated disks that form special connections between the muscle branches |
| Carpus | The joint composed of the carpal bones |
| Caudal | A directional term meaning toward the tail end of an animal |
| Connective Tissue | Tissue made up of cells and extracellular substances that connect and support cells and other tissues |
| Cranial | A directional term meaning toward the head of an animal |
| Cranium | The cranial portion of the dorsal body cavity, formed from several skull bones houses and protects brain |
| Deep | A directional term meaning toward the center of the body or a body part |
| Digestive System | The collection of organs that take in, digest and absorb food for use by the body to maintain health and normal function. This system includes all structures of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines. |
| Distal | A directional term used only for extremities meaning a position or direction away from body |
| Dorsal | A directional term meaning toward the top of an animal when the animal is on all fours toward the backbone |
| Dorsal Body System | The space in the skull and spinal column that contains the brain and spinal cord. The portion in the skull is called the cranium, and the portion in the spinal column is called the spinal canal. |
| Dorsal Plane | An anatomic reference plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal. |
| Epithelial Tissue | A collection of tissues that are made up of layers of cells that line and cover body surfaces. These cells may be in single layers or multilayered and can regenerate quickly. |
| Equilibrium | The balance of solutes and solution between the inside and outside of the cell. The sense that helps an animal maintain its balance by keeping track of the position and movements of its head. |
| External | A directional term meaning toward the surface of the body or body part |
| Fedlock | Joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals |
| Fight or Flight System | Response of an animal went threatened the animal will either flee or fight |
| Flank | Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs |
| Gastrointestinal Tract | The part of the digestive tube composed of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. |
| Gross Anatomy | The study of body structures that are visible without additional aid to the naked eye |
| Health | A state of normal anatomy and physiology that allows the body to function normally |
| Hock | Tarsus |
| Homeostasis | A state of equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes; the maintenance of balance in the body |
| Inferior | A directional term meaning toward the lower portion of a human body |
| Inflammation | The first step in the healing process when the body is injured. Its purpose is to “clean up” the damaged area through various inflammatory processes so healing can begin |
| Internal | A directional term meaning means toward the center of the body or a body part |
| Knee | Carpus of hoofed animals |
| Lateral | A directional term meaning away from the median plane of the body |
| Macroscopic Anatomy | The study of body structures that are visible without additional aid to the naked eye |
| Medial | A directional term meaning toward the median plane |
| Medial Plane | An anatomic reference plane. A median plane is a sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body and divides it into equal left and right halves. It is also called a midsagittal plane. |
| Microscopic Anatomy | The study of body structures that are not visible without additional aid to the naked eye |
| Muscle Tissue | A collection of tissues that support the body and enable it to move, thermoregulate, and transport materials. Some muscles may be controlled voluntarily, whereas others act involuntarily. |
| Organ | A group of tissues that work together for common purposes |
| Palmer | The caudal surface of the forelimb from the carpus distally |
| Parietal Layer | The layer of pleura or peritoneum that lines the thorax or abdomen |
| Pastern | Area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the animal body and its parts. Through physiology, we can describe how parts of the body work and what their functions are. |
| Plane of Reference | Any of four basic imaginary slices through an animal body oriented at right angles to each other. They provide points or areas of reference for descriptions of direction or location. |
| Plantar | The caudal surface of the hindlimb from the tarsus distally |
| Pleura | The thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the thoracic organs (the visceral layer of pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (the parietal layer of pleura). |
| Poll | Top of the head between the bases of the ears |
| Posterior | A directional term meaning toward the back of a human body. |
| Proximal | A directional term used only for extremities of the body. It implies a position or direction toward the body |
| Regional Anatomy | A method of studying anatomy that examines all the component structures that make up each region of the body. |
| Rostral | toward the nose head only |
| Sagittal Plane | An anatomic reference plane; the sagittal plane runs lengthwise, dividing the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves |
| Skeletal Muscle | Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal; the type of muscle that moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious control |
| Smooth Muscle | Nonstriated, involuntary muscle having only one nucleus per cell; the type of muscle found in soft internal organs and structures. |
| Spinal Canal | The long, flexible, caudal portion of the dorsal body cavity formed by the adjacent arches of the vertebrae of the spine. It houses and protects the spinal cord. |
| Stifle | Femorotibial/femoropatellar joint—equivalent to human knee |
| Superficial | A directional term meaning toward the surface of the body or a body part |
| Superior | A directional term meaning toward the head of a human |
| System | Groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities |
| Systematic Anatomy | A method of studying anatomy that examines each system of the body (e.g., skeletal system, reproductive system) as a separate topic |
| Tailhead | Dorsal part of the base of the tail |
| Tarsus | The joint composed of the tarsal bones; referred to as the hock in most animals and the ankle in humans |
| Thorax | Another name for the thoracic, or chest, cavity |
| Tissue | A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same function. The four basic tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue. |
| Transverse Plane | An anatomic reference plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal. |
| Ventral | A directional term meaning toward the bottom surface of an animal when it is standing on all four legs; toward the belly. |
| Ventral Body Cavity | The large space in the body that is divided by the thin, sheetlike diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity (chest) and caudal abdominal cavity (belly). |
| Viscera | Refers to the soft, internal organs enclosed within a body cavity, such as the lungs, kidneys, and intestines. The term is used to describe the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
| Visceral Layer | The layer of pleura or peritoneum that lies directly on the surface of organs in the thorax or abdomen. |
| Withers | Area dorsal to scapulas |
| Xiphoid Layer | The last, most caudal sternebra |
| Muscle | Rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones |
| Nervous Tissue | A collection of tissues that collect, process, and convey information includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves |
| Why must the term rostral be used instead of cranial to describe structures on a hedgehog’s head, but the term caudal works just fine? | |
| If you are facing a cat head-on, is its left ear on your left or right side? | Right side. |
| Describe how a cell, a tissue, an organ, and a system differ in an animal’s body. | |
| An example of a macroscopic anatomic part is a/an | Muscle |
| The system consisting of glands and hormones is called | Endocrine |
| Which plane is perpendicular to the sagittal and transverse plane? | Dorsal |
| The word that means “toward the nose” is | Rostral |
| Which terms refer to up and down? | Dorsal and Ventral |
| The plantar surface is located | Distal to the tarsus on the back of hind limb |
| The dorsal body cavity consists of the _______ cavities | Visceral and parietal |
| Which of the following divides the ventral body cavity into the cranial thoracic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavity? | Diaphragm |
| Define the terms Anatomy and Physiology. | Anatomy- form and structure of the animal body or part Physiology- functions of the body or parts |
| Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic anatomy? | Microscopic- Structures to small to be seen without a unaided eye Macroscopic- Structures large enough to be seen without aided eye |
| Differentiate between the study of regional anatomy and systemic anatomy? | Regional- study regions of the body Systemic- study systems of the body |
| List the four anatomical planes of reference? | Sagittal, Median, Transverse, Dorsal |
| Sagittal and Median Planes | Sagittal- runs the length of the body and divides into left &right halves not necessary equal. Median-special kind of sagittal runs the center of the body lengthwise ÷s into equal left and right halves |
| Transverse and Dorsal Planes | transverse- runs across body divides into cranial and caudal not necessary equal. dorsal- right angle to sagittal/ transverse & divides divides into dorsal and ventral not necessary equal |
| List and describe the anatomical terms of direction | Table 1-2 pg 5 in Clinical Anatomy and Physiology ED 2 cannot fit all information in this place Cranial, Rostral, Caudal, Dorsal,Ventral, Medial, Lateral, Deep, Superficial, Proximal, Distal, Palmar, Plantar |
| List the components of the Dorsal body cavity | Brain and spinal cord and the two parts are a somewhat spherical cranial cavity in the skull and a long narrow spinal cavity running down the spine |
| List the components of the Ventral body cavity | Contents most of the viscera in the body, divided by a thin diaphragm muscle into cranial thoracic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavity |
| List the four basic types of body tissues. | Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective |
| Define Homeostasis. | A state of equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes; the maintenance of balance in the body |
| List the different muscle tissues in the body | Smooth, skeletal, Cardiac |
| Arrange the following in the correct order from smallest to largest: systems, tissues, cells, organs. | Cells, tissues, organs, systems |
| List the characteristics of each of the subatomic particles. | protons, neutrons, electrons Protons are positively charges Neutrons are neutral Electrons are negatively charges protons and neutrons have a atomic mass of 1 |
| Differentiate between a molecule and compound | |
| List and describe the types of chemical bonds that may form between elements | |
| Give the general equation for synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions | |
| Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds | |
| Differentiate between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules | |
| List the unique properties of water molecules | |
| Differentiate between acids and bases | |
| Describe the actions of the buffer system | |
| List the components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | |
| List the function of body proteins | |
| Describe the actions of enzymes |
Created by:
Broughton