Three enzymes used for digestion of carbohydrates

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ACL Carbs & Amy

Question	Answer
Carbohydrates are stored in the body in what form?	Glycogen
Glycogen does not stain with these three dyes	Alcian blue, colloidal iron, mucicarmine
Free lipids and fats bound to carbohydrate structures are included in which group?	Group IV glycolipids
When completely hydrolyzed, common polysaccharides yield	Glucose
Epithelial mucins are included in which group?	Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides are called	Disaccharides
Three enzymes used for digestion of carbohydrates	Diastase, hyaluronidase, sialidase
PAS technique demonstrates (5) but not (1)	Epithelial mucins, acidic mucins, polysaccharides, neutral mucosubstances, basement membranes, NOT amyloid
A good control for demonstrating glycogen is	Liver
By adding sulfurous acid to a basic fuchsin solution, a colorless solution is formed called	Leucofuchsin
The preferred fixative for demonstration of glycogen is	Alcoholic formalin
The PAS reaction is useful for the demonstration of	Neutral mucopolysacchrides
Glycogen is a carbohydrate that is classified as a	Polysaccharide
Glycogen does not stain with these three staining methods	Congo red, Mayer much carmine, Giemsa
In what part of the female reproductive system is glycogen normally found?	Cervical epithelium
A satisfactory substitute for distaste in the PAS reaction with digestion for selective elimination of glycogen is	Amylase
In addition to PAS, another method used to stain glycogen is	Best's Carmine
This dye is used in the preparation of Schiff's reagent	Basic fuchsin
Best Carmine technique uses what chemical to maintain pH of 9-11?	28% ammonium hydroxide
An enzyme that is used for the identification of glycogen in the Periodic Acid-Schicff (PAS) reaction is	Diastase
The most commonly used staining procedure for demonstrating glycogen is	PAS with and without diastase digestion
This dye is used in the preparation of Schiff's reagent.
Amyloid can be demonstrated with	Congo red
The Schiff's reaction demonstrates	Aldehydes
A good control for the Mayer mucicarmine stain is	Appendix
To increase the specificity for amyloid,Congo red stains should be examined by which type of microscopy	Polarization
Periodic acid is used in the PAS technique as a/an	Oxidizer
The crystal violet stain for amyloid is a/an	Polychromatic stain
Acid mucopolysacchrides are demonstrated by	Alcian blue
The reliability of the Schiff's reagent may be checked by adding _____ to a small aliquot of the Schiff solution.	Formaldehyde (because it is aldehyde, Schiff will react with it and turn rapidly reddish purple if good.
A fluorescent dye used for the demonstration of amyloid is	thioflavin T
The alcian blue stain performed at pH 1.0 demonstrates	Sulfated acid mucopolysacchrides
Substances stained positive with the colloidal iron procedure will be	Blue
Schiff reagent is a/an	Reduced solution of basic fuchsin
Diastase digestion increases specificity for	Glycogen
In order to specifically identify mucin using the PAS reaction......	Glycogen must first be removed by diastase digestion.
Parallel sections are stained with PAS, one with and one without diastase digestion. In evaluating the staining results, the digested section.....	Shows sites where glycogen was removed.
The dye type used to demonstrate mucopolysacchrides are....	Basic dyes
When a few drops of Schiff's reagent are added to 10 ml of 37-40% formaldehyde, the color reaction that indicates the Schiff's reagent is good is....	Red-purple
In the PAS reaction, development of the final colored product is achieved by....	Restoration of quinoid chromophoric groups
No staining of kidney glomerular membrane is seen with a PAS. One cause may be....	Inadequate oxidation.
What is the cause of marked non-specific background staining on a PAS-stained section?	Fixation with glutaraldehyde
The cause for weak staining reaction with PAS was because the tissue was exposed to a fixative with this chemical.	Potassium dichromate
When performing a PAS stain excess Schiff's reagent is removed from the section by treatment with...	Potassium metabisulfite
This type of mucin is found in connective tissue and in most mucin-secreting epithelial cells.	Acidic mucins
The mucicarmine stain is used for demonstrating what type of mucin?	Epithelial
Which chemical is added to the mucicarmine stain solution that forms a chelation complex with carmine	Aluminum hydroxide
An organism demonstrated with the mucicarmine procedure is....	Cryptococcus neoformans
In order to extend the shelf-life of Southgate's stock mucicarmine solution, it should be stored.....	In a refrigerator atv3 to 6 degrees celsius
A mucicarmine stain would be most helpful in the diagnosis of a/an	Adenocarcinoma
The nuclear counterstain with the mucicarmine method is done with...	Weigert's hematoxylin
Sections of small intestine show orange goblet cells that are partially obscured by the yellowish background. This is most likely the result of....	Overstaining with metanil yellow
The metal found in the structural formula of Alcian blue is.....	Copper
What stain procedure is used to differentiate epithelial and connective tissue mucins?	Alcian blue w/wo hyaluronidase
A stain that will only demonstrate sulfated mucosubstances is	Alcian blue pH 1.0
Acid mucosubstances are demonstrated by the Prussian Blue reaction following treatment with	Colloidal iron
The alcian blue PAS technique stains acidic mucosubstances blue and neutral mucins red. It is very useful for staining diseases of the...	Gastrointestinal tract
With the alcian blue method, nuclei are also staining. Two reasons for this problem are...	Too much time in alcian blue solution, not rinsing with acid after alcian blue solution
An acid mucosubstance that is resistant to diastase digestion, is PAS and mucicarmine negative, but is sensitive to hyaluronidase is...,	Hyaluronic acid
Colloidal iron is used for the demonstration of	Acid mucopolysacchrides
Generally, connective tissue acid mucosubstances can best be demonstrated with	Alcian blue pH 2.5
The enzyme and buffer solution used for digestion in the Alcian blue stain method is....	Hyaluronidase, buffer at pH 6
In this staining procedure, acid groups form salt linkage with acid groups	Alcian blue
The dye powder used for alcian blue stain is	Alcian blue 8GX
The pH solutions in the Alcian blue method for acid mucosubstances range from 0.4 pH to 2.5 pH. Another method for acid mucosubstances which requires a solution with a low pH is	Colloidal iron
In the colloidal iron ethos for acid mucosubstances, the principle of the reaction is believed to be an ionic bond of ferric iron with the free carboxyl group of	Glycosamingoglycans
Differentiation between neutral and acid mucosubstances can be differentially demonstrated by staining with a combination of	Alcian blue and PAS
In the Alcian blue stain, strong acid mucosubstances can be distinguished from weakly acid mucosubstances by varying the	pH
Dyes such as toluidine blue O and thionin that stain cells or cell contents a different color from that of the dye solution are called	Metachromatic
Amyloid can be demonstrated with	Congo red
The crystal violet stain for amyloid is	A polychromatic stain method
The appropriate mounting media for the crystal violet stain method is	Apathy's mounting media
Amyloidosis, the deposition of amyloid in tissues, is characterized as	An abnormal pleated extracellular protein complex
In order to stain deposits of amyloid in tissue stained by the Congo red procedure, sections are cut at	8 to 10 microns
Congo red stained sections are examined by what type of microscopy?	Polarizing
Amyloid stained with Thioflavin T is best demonstrated by this method of microscopy	Fluorescent
In order to suppress background and non-specific staining, a Congo red solution generally contains	Sodium chloride
What is more specific for glycogen, PAS or Best carmine?	PAS
What is the oxidizer used in Best Carmine?	No oxidizer, hydrogen bonding at high pH of 9-11, carmine stock (potassium carbonate, potassium chloride, carmine), working carmine (stock, 28% ammonium hydroxide, methyl alcohol)
The addition of ____ to the crystal violet staining solution will prevent overstaining of cytoplasmic components.	Acid
The purpose of using ____ in the colloidal iron procedure is to maintain pH and prevent watery dilution of the colloidal iron solution.	12% acetic acid
With the alcian blue stain method at pH 2.5, ____, _____ and _____ stain at this pH.	Carboxylated, sulfated acid mucopolysacchrides, glycoproteins
What is more specific for amyloid, Congo red or thioflavin T?	Congo red
Thioflavin T at an acid pH, ____ the selectivity of the dye for amyloid.	Increases
Do amyloid deposits show a yellow birefringent following staining with Congo red?	No. Apple green
Connective tissue mucins are digested with...	Hyaluronidase
Are glycoproteins digested with hyaluronidase?	No
What stains have an appendix control?	Colloidal iron, Mayers mucicarmine, PAS for neutral mucins, alcian blue pH 2.5 no digestion
What stains have a cervix control?	PAS with and without digestion
What stains cryptococcus neoformans	Colloidal iron and Mayers mucicarmine
Which stain is used for kidney	PAS for basement membrane
Which stain has liver control	PAS with and without digestion, best carmine
What skin has a deep margin skin control	Alcian blue with and without hyaluronidase
What stains use a small or large intestine control	Colloidal iron, Mayers mucicarmine, PAS for neutral mucins, alcian blue pH 2.5 (no digestion)
What stain uses umbilical cord control	Alcian blue with/without hyaluronidase
Both acid and neutral mucosubstances may be differentiated by staining with	Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff
In order to suppress background and non-specific staining a Congo red solution frequently contains	Sodium chloride
The PAS reaction is useful for the demonstration of	Neutral mucins
The major disadvantage of using the crystal violet technique for demonstration of amyloid is	The preparation is not permanent
What tissue should be used as a control for the alcian blue pH 2.5 technique if staining for acid mucins	Small intestine
The purpose of the diastase in a PAS stain is to	Remove glycogen
If no alcian blue pH 2.5 is available, what procedure can be performed to give equivalent results
	Mucicarmine
Which stain may be used to stain glycogen, polysaccharides and glycoprotein?	PAS
Schiff's solution is stored at ____ but kept at ____.	4, 21 degrees Celsius
The dye powder used to prepare Schiff's is	Basic fuchsin
Glycogen is a carbohydrate that is classified as	Neutral polysaccharide
A stain that will demonstrate only sulfated mucosubstances is	Alcian blue, pH 1.0
To demonstrate acid mucosubstances, the procedure calls staining with ____ followed by treatment with Prussian blue	Colloidal iron
A stain used for demonstrating epithelial mucin is	Mucicarmine
Generally the most reliable staining method for demonstrating amyloid is	Congo red
In order to demonstrate amyloid, Carson says sections should be cut at	8-10 microns
A substitute for
A substitute for diastase in the PAS reaction with digestion for elimination of glycogen is	Amylase
In the PAS reaction, development of the final colored product is achieved by	Restoration of quinoid chromophoric group
An acid mucosubstance that is resistant to diastase digestion, is PAS negative, may be mucicarmine positive but is sensitive to hyaluronidase is	Hyaluronic acid
Amyloid stained with this dye can be identified by light and polarization microscopy	Congo red
Amyloid exhibits this molecular configuration	Pleated
Alcian blue stain at 1.0 pH made with which of the following acids	0.1N HCl
A control that can be used for both glycogen and neutral mucins procedure is	Cervix
Which of these stains requires a fluorescent microscope to evaluate stain results	Thioflavin T
In the PAS procedure, this solutions ingredient binds with aldehydes	Schiff's reagent
Hydrogen bonding, the staining of glycol groups in glycogen, and the high PH of the staining solution play a role in staining of which method	Best Carmine
When performing a colloidal iron procedure, the solution should be	Made fresh prior to use
In the PAS reaction, the oxidizer used is	Periodic acid
In the Best Carmine method, what oxidizer is used?	No oxidation required
Following a PAS reaction for glycogen, neutral polysaccharides, or basement membrane, which solution is used to remove uncombined leucofuchsin	Potassium metabisulfite
Glutaraldehyde is not recommended as a fixative for PAS reaction because	Free aldehyde groups are free to react with the Schiff's reagent
Very weak staining is noted on a PAS-stained control. One problem solving action is to...	Check the Schiff's reagent with formaldehyde
When using the Alcian blue method, rinsing the tissue sections with acid will...	Help prevent non-specific staining
Which staining method will demonstrate a mixture of neutral and acid mucins	Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff's
Adjacent sections are stained with PAS, one with and one without diastase digestion. A positive result on the one without digestion and a negative result on the one with digestion indicates a presence of	Glycogen
Control sections stained with Congo red show only yellow, and no green bifringence. This could probably be corrected in the future by	Ensuring the sections are cut at 8 to 10 microns
A procedure that demonstrates both carboxylated and sulfated mucosubstances is	Colloidal iron
In the Gomori aldehyde fuchsin technique, elastic fibers stain	Violet purple
The Gomori Trichrome stain method combines two dyes into one solution which includes	Chromotrope 2R and light green
Adipose tissue is the only connective tissue that is	Sudanophilic
The sensitizers used in the Gordon and Sweet stain for reticular fibers is	Ferric ammonium sulfate
Which of the following acts as the differentiating solution in the Verhoeff van Gieson procedure	Ferric chloride
In the Verhoeff van Gieson technique, ferric chloride and iodine in the working stain solution function initially as mordants, but also as ....	An oxidizer
Differentiation of elastic fibers is accomplished using	An excess mordant
Elastic fibers have an affinity for which stains	Orcein, resorcin fuchsin, and aldehyde fuchsin
What stains elastic tissue brown?	Acid orcein
The function of Bouins fluid in a trichrome stain	Mordant
Methenamine is used in the PAMS stain to	Give alkaline properties
To achieve the desired intensity of purple when using the Gomori aldehyde fuchsin stain for demonstrating elastic tissue, what reagent component must be used fresh	Paraldehyde
In the Mallory phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) method, skeletal muscle striations stain	Blue
In the Masson trichrome method, epithelium and muscle fibers are stained	Red
The sensitizer used in the Wilders and Snook methods for reticulin is	Uranyl nitrate
In the trichrome stain method, bierbach scarlet stains what type of tissue elements?	Acidophilic
The developer/reducing solution used in reticular fibers staining methods is	Formalin solution
When performing the trichrome stain, there is pale staining with cytoplasmic dyes. What is the cause of this problem?	Prolonged washes, formalin fixed tissue was not mordanted, old or overused reagents. NOT that the iron hematoxylin was over-oxidized
Which of the following procedures stain fibrin blue, nuclei blue, and collagen red?	Mallory phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH)
A diamine silver complex is formed by a reaction between silver and	Ammonium hydroxide
A solvent commonly used to prepare Sudan Black B and Oil Red O staining solution is	Propylene glycol
The principle of replacing metallic silver with metallic gold is called	Toning
Staining tissue cells with Toluidine blue is considered what type of staining method	Metachromatic
When staining for reticulin fibers, a hint of turbidity in the silver solution is important because	Excess ammonia decreases sensitivity
Mallory PTAH solution is ripened for immediate use with	Potassium permanganate
The only reticulin stain that uses phosphomolybdic acid oxidizer	Wilder
Microscopic review of a PAMS stained section shows other tissue elements school as elastic fibers, scalloped edged red cells, and mucin all stained black. This is the result of	Overexposure to hot methenamine silver
With the Movat pentachrome method, nuclei and elastic fibers are stained with	Alcoholic hematoxylin, iodine, and ferric chloride
The principle of the oxidation step in a silver stain for reticular fibers occurs because	Adjacent glycol groups of hexose sugars are transformed to aldehydes
Fat is chemically fixed and maintained in tissue by	Osmium tetroxide
When staining reticular fibers, commonly used sensitizers include all but	Phosphomolybdic acid
When performing a PAMS, sections are cut at how any microns?	1 to 2
In the Masson trichrome procedure, after staining with Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin, sections are differentiated with	Phosphomolybdic/phosphotungstic acid
In staining methods to demonstrate reticulin, potassium permanganate, phosphomolybdic acid, and periodic acid function as	Oxidizers
In the pentachrome stainmethod, collagen is stained yellow with	Safran
Unreduced silver not removed from a stained section for reticulin fibers will continue to develop with exposure to	Light
With incomplete impregnation of reticular fibers they appear gray rather than crisp black and also appear broken or discontinuous when viewed microscopically. Why does this occur.	Old or weak ammonium hydroxide was used in preparing silver solution, reagents were not freshly prepared, slides were removed from impregnating solution too soon. NOT that the counterstain was not rinsed adequately.
Osmium tetroxide is the only chemical staining method to demonstrate	Fat
With the Movat pentachrome method, alcian blue stains	Ground substance and mucin
With the pentachrome stainmethod method, this solution is responsible for converting alcian blue to monoastral fast blue	Alkaline alcohol
Gordon Sweet requires the use of	Diamine silver
Masson trichrome stains what in red	Muscle and epithelium
Masson trichrome stains what in blue	Collagen
Verhoeff van Gieson stains what red, demonstrates what, good control	Collagen red,elastic fibers black, artery has a lot of muscle and elastic demonstrated
What stains mast cells	Toluidine blue
List six stains in silver reticulin stain chart	Snook, Gordon and Sweet, Gomori, Laidlaw, Naser and Shanklin, Wilder what is the oxidizer
What is the oxidizer in the silver reticulin stain chart	Potassium permanganate for all but wilder. Wilder is phosphomolybdic acid. Add sulfuric acid for Nasher and Shanklin.
Sensitizers for silver reticulin stain chart.	Uranyl nitrate for Snook and Wilder. Laidlaw NO Sensitizer. Nasher and Shanklin silver nitrate. The two Gs, Gomori and Gordon and Sweet, ferric ammonium sulfate
What are the impregnating solutions for the silver reticulin stain chart

Created by: ljburgau

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