Name the order of mitosis:

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Name the four principal types of tissues:

Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

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A&P chapters 7&8

Stack #2433361

Question	Answer
What is required for cell growth, begins with reading for the genetic master code in the cell's DNA, and influences all cell structures and functions?	Protein synthesis
In the DNA molecule, a sequence of 3 base pairs forms a:	Codon
Transcription can be described as the:	Synthesis of any RNA molecule
The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is within the:	Cytoplasm
Are RNAs molecules larger than that of DNA?	No
Nucleic acids are synthesized directly on the DNA molecule with the help of:	Enzymes
What is the process that occurs when the double strands of a DNA segment separate and RNA nucleotides pair with DNA nucleotides?	Transcription
What is the type of RNA that carries information in groups of 3 nucleotides, called codons, each of which codes for a specific amino acid?	mRNA
Which type of RNA has an anticodon and binds to a base pair-specific amino acid?	tRNA
What process involves the movement of mRNA with respect to the ribosome?	Translation
Uracil-adenine is an example of what?	A complementary base pair.
Where does translation take place?	In the ribosome.
Name the order of mitosis:	Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
The total of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as what?	A diploid
Which type of cell division occurs only in primitive sex cell's during the process of becoming mature sex cell's?	Meiosis
The splitting of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two during cell reproduction is called what?	Cytokinesis
Cell reproduction is sometimes referred to as what phase?	The M phase
The phase of mitosis known as the completion phase is called:	Telophase
The phase of mitosis known as the apart phase is called:	Anaphase
The position changing phase of mitosis is called:	Metaphase
When a cell begins to divide, it is said to be in the before phase, also referred to as the:	Prophase
When a cell is not experiencing mitosis and is between phases it is said to be in:	Interphase
Atrophy refers to a decrease in what?	Cell size
Genetic disorders are mutations in a cell's...	Genetic code
Cell death due to injury or a pathological condition is known as what?	Necrosis
A blood disease caused by the production of abnormal hemoglobin is known as what?	Sickle cell anemia
The genetic code for a particular protein is passed from DNA to mRNA by a process known as:	Transcription
If a strand of DNA has a base sequence of AGGC, the complementary pair for that strand be:	TCCG
The spindle fibers attach to each chromatid during which stage of mitosis?	Metaphase
During which stage of mitosis does the cleavage furrow begin to develop?	Anaphase
All of the DNA in each cell of the body is called the:	Genome
AUGGA would be the sequence of bases in which nucleic acid?	RNA
In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell's along the spindle fibers?	Anaphase
The synthesis of proteins by ribosomes using information coded in the mRNA molecule is called what?	Translation
Translation can be inhibited or prevented by a process called...	RNA interference.
The DNA molecular structure allows only 2 combinations of bases to occur. This is known as ______ ________ ________	Obligatory base pairing
The complete set of proteins synthesized by a cell is called the ______ of the cell.	Proteome
The shape of a DNA molecule is referred to as a _____ ______	Double helix
________ is the type of cell division that occurs only in primitive sex cell's during the process of becoming mature sex cells.	Meiosis
Mature sex cell's are called what?	Gametes.
A group of similar cells that perform a common function make up	Tissue
Name the four principal types of tissues:	Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
The most complex tissue in the body is:	Nervous
The material between cells that is made up of water and a variety of proteins is referred to as what?	Extracellular matrix
Name the 3 primary germ layers:	Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
Which tissue lines body cavities and protects body surfaces?	Epithelial
The biology of tissues is referred to as what?	Histology
Proteins in the extracellular matrix include various types of structural protein such as:	Collagen and elastin
Sweat and sebaceous glands are formed by what kind of membrane?	Cutaneous (skin)
During embryonic development, new kinds of cells can be formed from a special kind of indifferentiated cell called what?	Stem cell
What is the growth of new tissue called?	Regeneration
Keloid	An unusually thick scar
Tissues usually repair themselves by allowing _______ cell's to remove dead or injured cells.	Phagocytic
Which two types of tissues have the greatest capacity to regenerate?	Epithelial and connective
Which two types of tissue have a very limited capacity to regenerate?	Muscle and nerve
Name the 3 epithelial membranes:	Cutaneous, serous, mucous
What is the connective membrane called?	Synovial
Pleurisy is a condition that affects which membrane?	Serous membrane
Benign tumors usually grow at what speed?	Slowly
Are malignant tumors encapsulated?	No
An example of a benign tumor that arises from epithelial tissue is:	Papilloma
Malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues are generally called:	Sarcoma
A cancer specialist is called what?	An oncologist
Chemotherapy uses _____ compounds to destroy malignant cells.	Cytotoxic
Which membrane is directly exposed to the outside environment?	Cutaneous
Which membrane lubricates cavities not open to outside environment?	Serous
Which membrane has dense fibrous connective tissue?	Synovial
Which membrane lubricates cavities that are open to the outside environment?	Mucous
Which membrane makes up the skin?	Cutaneous
Which membrane lines joint cavities?	Synovial
Which membrane handles thermoregulation?	Cutaneous
Which membrane handles peritoneum?	Serous
Which membrane can be found in the digestive tract?	Mucous
Which membrane can be found in the respiratory tract?	Mucous
Name the three primary germ layers.	Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Tissue cells are surrounded by or embedded in extracellular material called what?	Extracellular matrix
Which kind of tissue is often replaced, when damaged, with fibrous connective tissue instead of the original?	Muscle tissue
Adenoma is a:	Glandular benign tumor
Oncogenes are what kind of genes?	Cancer genes
What process involves classifying a tumor based on the size and extent of the spread?	Staging
Computed tomography uses what?	X-ray scanning
Substances produced by cancer cells	Tumor markers
Removal and examination of living tissue is called a:	Biopsy
A cytotoxic compound used to destroy malignant cells:	Chemotherapy
Gamma radiation used to destroy cancer cells:	Radiotherapy
An intense beam of light to destroy a tumor is called:	Laser
What process bolsters the body's defenses against cancer?	Immunotherapy
Herceptin and Erbitux are:	Monoclonal antibodies
Cachexia is:	Loss of appetite
During what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?	Prophase 1
What are the most fundamental of all living function?	Cell growth and reproduction
Cell growth depends on the use of genetic information in DNA to make the structural and functional ______ needed for survival	Proteins
_______ ________ ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.	Cell reproduction
In vitro, genetic modification, and genetic testing for birth defects are all things we are able to accomplish today thorough advances in...	Our ability to manipulate the genetic code causing cell growth and reproduction
A segment of a DNA molecule that consists of approximately 1,000 pairs of neucleotides and contains the code for synthesizing on ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule, which may be transferred into one polypeptide is called a ______	Gene
What influences all cell structures and functions?	Protein synthesis
Transcription can best be described as synthesis of _____	mRNA
______ _______ help polypeptides fold and then possibly combine into larger protein molecules or hybrid molecules.	Chaperone proteins
What phase takes place between G1 and G2?	S-phase
During which phase does interphase occur?	S-phase
G1 and G2 makes what?	New molecules and organelles
M-phase produces what kind of cell?	The mature cell or gamete
Daughter cell's that do not go on to reproduce are in what kind of phase?	Maintenance phase
The life cycle of a cell includes what 5 steps?	Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
The production of cytoplasm is a ______ process	Anabolic
Amino acids--> polypeptide chains---> complex protein is included in the production of _____	Cytoplasm
One human cell is estimated to synthesize thousands of different _____	Enzymes
One mechanism by which additional cytoplasm is produced is ____ _____	Protein synthesis
______ often replicate themselves during the cell growth phase so that their total number is very large by the time the cell ready to reproduce	Mitochondria
The point of attachment for chromatids is called the _____	Centromere
DNA replication is sometimes called what phase?	S-phase (synthesis phase)
G1 stands for:	The portion of growth phase before the synthesis phase. Growth phase 1
G2 stands for:	The portion of growth phase after the synthesis phase. Growth phase 2
Each daughter cell must have a complete set of ____ in order to run a cell properly.	DNA
Which phase literally means "position-changing" phase?	Metaphase
Cell division begins at the end of _____	Interphase
Chromosomes form from the nuclear chromatin material as the nuclear envelop disappears. This describes what phase during mitosis?	Prophase
Chromosomes line up along the cell's equatorial plate, with spindle fibers distinctly visible on either side. This describes which phase of mitosis?	Metaphase
Spindle fibers pull each of the two chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell. This describes which phase of mitosis?	anaphase
Chromosomes are now at opposite poles, nuclear envelopes begin forming around each group. This explains which phase of mitosis?	Telophase
After mitosis and cytokinesis are complete, the two daughter cell's begin the first growth (G1) of ______	Interphase
Soermatogonia and oogonia become mature ____ cell's	Sex
Haploid= how many chromosomes?	23
Meiosis 1 is called _____ _____ because the number of chromosomes is reduced by half (from diploid to haploid)	Reduction division
What are activating enzymes that drive the cell through the phases of its life cycle?	CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases)
What are regulatory proteins that control the CDKs and shift them to start the next phase?	Cyclins
Different types of cells have different _____ ______	Life cycles
Muscle atrophy, loss of elasticity of the skin, changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, and skeletal systems are all examples of what?	Decreased functional ability
When the cell's expand, such as when you are doing steroids, it is referred to as:	Hypertrophy
Nonliving intercellular material is called what?	Matrix
What is thought to be the fabric of the body, sewn together to form the organs of the body and to hold all the organs together as a whole?	Tissues
The term tissue literally means ____	Fabric
Besides water, the ECM of tissues has a variety of _____ and __________	Proteins and proteoglycans
The structural proteins found in ECM include:	Collagen and elastin
Fibronectin and laminin are ___________ that help the ECM components to cells by binding with integrins in plasma membranes.	Glycoproteins
What allows local communication within a tissue?	Glycoproteins
What are hybrid molecules that are mostly carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone?	Proteoglycans
Chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and hyaluronate are all examples of what?	Proteoglycans
When phagocytic cell's remove dead or injured cells and gaps are filled with new tissue a cell is _____	Regenerating
Tissues can repair themselves through regeneration or:	Scar tissue
What are the two major types of body membranes?	Epithelial and connective
What is a thin, sheetlike structure that may have many important functions in the body?	Membrane
In certain areas of the body, membranes secrete _____ _____ that reduce friction during organ movements, such as the beating of the heart or expansion and contraction of the lungs.	Lubricating fluids
_______ _______ are composed of epithelial tissues glued by a basement membrane to an underlying layer of supportive connective tissue.	Epithelial membrane
______ ______ are composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue, no epithelial cells are present.	Connective membrane
Visceral means:	Surrounding an organ
Pleura means:	Lungs
Peritoneum means	Stomach
Parietal means:	The cavity
Pericardium means:	The heart
Any abnormal cell growth is called a:	Neoplasm
What are the 3 types of tissue tumors?	Epithelial, connective, miscellaneous
Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues are called _____	Carcinomas
Malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues are called:	Sarcomas
Agents that affect genetic activity in some way and cause abnormal cell reproduction are called _____ and sometimes called ______	Carcinogens, mutagens
Which membrane accounts for 16% of body weight?	Cutaneous membrane
Serous membranes are composed of 2 different tissue layers. What are they?	Epithelial sheet and connective tissue layer
Which membrane secretes a thin, watery fluid that lubricates organs?	Serous membrane
Which membrane lines the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts?	Mucous
Which membrane surround the lungs, abdominal, and heart?	Serous
Some _____ membranes are populated with epithelial cell's covered with a dense coat of motile cilia.	Mucous
Which membrane is clinically important because it is the place where our bodies are most likely to interact with micro organisms from the external environment?	Mucous
The cutaneous membrane is an ______ tissue membrane.	Epithelial
Which membrane contains many sweat and oil glands?	Cutaneous
Extensive weight training causes muscle cells to do what?	Hypertrophy
Atrophy is caused by a lack of what?	Movement
What term means tumor like?	Neoplasm
If a species of animal had 16 pairs of chromosomes in it's normal body cells, it's gametes would contain how many chromosomes?	8
The membrane organelle in the cytoplasm that is able to replicate itself is called what?	Mitochondria
Is interphase a part of mitosis?	No
In protein synthesis, what are the segments of the RNA transcript that represent no coding parts of the DNA	Introns
What is the end product of transcription?	mRNA
What is the end product of translation?	Protein
In humans one gene consists of about how many nucleotide pairs?	1,000
What is capable of properly refolding an improperly folded protein molecule?	Chaperone proteins
What is capable of destroying improperly folded proteins that could possibly harm the cell?	Proteosomes
Which tissue has the characteristic of communication and control?	Nervous tissue
Paratenium is an example of which membranes?	Epithelial and serous
Connective tissue membranes differ from cutaneous and serous membranes in that they....	Do not contain epithelial components.
The serous membrane covering the stomach is called what?	Visceral patatenium
What do we call the membrane lining the wall of the thoracic cavity?	Parietal pleura
What do we call the membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity?	Parietal paratenium
What kind of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate?	Epithelial
What tissue is most likely to keloid scar as it heals?	Connective tissue
Where do we primarily find goblet cells?	Intestines
Repair, movement, transportation of substances throughout the body, protection, and support are all functions of what kind of tissue?	Connective
The structure that holds 2 new replicated DNA strands together is called the ______	Centromere
What do we call muscles that have not been used for a while?	Atrophy

Created by: bethany.metzger

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