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Sociology Exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is sociology? | the systematic or scientific study of human behavior |
| what is society? | a group of people who shape thier lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from others |
| what are social sciences? | the dsicplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world |
| what is sociological perspective? | a way of looking at the world through a sociological lens |
| what is the begginers mind? | approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in anew way |
| what is culture shock? | a sense of disorientation that occurs when entering a radically new social or cultural environment |
| what is the sociological imagination? | a quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces |
| who made the statement about the sociological imagination? | C. Wright Mills |
| what is microsociology? | the level of analysis that studies face-to-face and small group interactions in order to understand how they affect the larger patterns and structures of society |
| what is macrosociology? | the level of analysis that studies large scale social structures inorder to determine how they affect lives of groups and individuals |
| what are theories? | abstract propositions that explain the social world and make predictions about the future |
| what is a paradigm? | a set of assumptions, theories, and perspecives that make up a way of understanding social reality |
| Who was Auguste Comte? | a French scientist that developed positivism, the theory that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge |
| Who was Harriet Martineau? | English journalist and political economist, translated comte's work into english so americans and english could read it |
| Who was Herbert Spencer? | responsible for the establishment of sociology in Britain and America. Created the idea of social darwinsim |
| What is social darwinism? | the application of the theory of evolution and the notion of "survival of the fittest" to the study of society |
| What is structual functionalism? | a paradigm based on the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures |
| Who was the founder of structual functionalism? | Emile Durkheim |
| what is mechanical solidarity? | the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditons and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion |
| what is organic solidarity? | the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights |
| what is anomie? | "normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change |
| what is solidarity? | the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group |
| what does profane mean? | ordinary, everyday |
| what is collective effervescence? | an intense energy in shared events where people feel swept up in something larger than themselves |
| what is collective conscience? | the shared morals and beliefs that are common to a group and that foster social solidarity |
| what is a structure | a social institution that is relatively stable over time and that meets the needs of society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order and stability |
| what are latent functions? | unintended functions of social structure |
| What is conflict theory? | a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change |
| what does conflict theory emphasize? | a materialist view of society, critical view of the status quo and dynamic model of historical change |
| what is social inequality? | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society |
| who is Robert Merton? | he identified manifest and latent functions; delineating functionalism further |
| Who is Talcott Parsons? | applied structural functionalism to modern society, specifying what some of the functions might fulfill in contemporary life |
| What are means of production? | anything that can create wealth; money, property, factories, and other types of businesses, and the infrastructure necessary to run them |
| Who areProletariat | workers, no means of production, sell labor power in order to live |
| Who are Bourgeoisie | owners; capitalists that own the means of production and employ wage laborers |
| What is Weberian theory? | the application of economic logic to human activity that uses formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns |
| What is Symbolic Interactionism? | approach that sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent bu are created through interaction? |
| what is Postmodern theory? | apporach that suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly flux |
| what is Midrange theory? | an approach that integrates empiricism and grand theory |
| Who are postmodernist thinkers? | Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Jean Baudrillad |
| Who were Symbolic Interactionism thinkers? | George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer, W.E.B. DuBois |
| Who was Max Weber? | European macrosociological theorist that created weberian theory |
| What is the first step of the scientific method? | identify a problem or ask a general question |
| What is the second step of the scientific method | do a literature review to become thoroughly familiar with the research done previously on a given topic |
| What is the third step of the scientific method? | form a hypothesis (theoretical statement that will explain the relationship between two phenomena |
| What is the fourth step of the scientific method? | choose a research design or method to conduct study |
| What is the fifth step of the scientific method? | collect the data |
| What is the sixth step of the scientific method? | analyze the data, evaluating the accuracy or inaccuracy of the hypothesis in predicting the outcome |
| What is the seventh step of the scientific method? | disseminate the findings of the experiment into the scientific community |
| What is ethnography? | a naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment |
| what is participant observation? | researcher both observes and becomes a member in a social setting |
| what is thick description? | presentation of detailed data on interactions and meaning within a cultural context |
| What is rapport? | a positive relationship characterized by mutual trust or sympathy |
| What is reflexivity? | how the identity and activities of the researcher impact what is going on in the field setting |
| What is grounded theory? | method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories |
| What are double-barreled questions? | questions that attempt to get at multiple issues at once |
| What is the independent variable? | factor that is predicted to cause change |
| What is the dependent variable? | the factor that is changed by the independent variable |
| What is basic research? | search for knowledge without an agenda or practical goal in mind |
| What is applied research? | gathering knowledge that can be used to create social change |
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